Kumwa Mowa: Njira ndi Zipangizo Zamakono

Alcohols amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ambiri komanso m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Amapanga ma polima opangidwa osiyanasiyana , opanga mankhwala opangira mankhwala, opangira mankhwala, rubber, detergents ndi mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala. Kupanga mowa kumapangidwa mwa njira zamagetsi ndi mankhwala. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi petrochemical kaphatikizidwe. Mankhwala osakanikirana kuchokera ku ma hydrocarboni ndi osakwera mtengo wopanga njira. Njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri ndiyo kupanga zakumwa zoledzeretsa ndi ma olefini. Choncho, amapezeka atopropyl, tert- ndi sec-butyl and alcohol. Kukonzekera kwa methyl mowa (methanol) kumachokera ku distillation youma ya nkhuni.

Njira zazikulu zomwe amamwa mowa:

• Alkaline hydrolysis ya zowonjezera halogen: kupanga glycerin, benzyl mowa ndi ena.
• Kusungunuka kwa zinthu zam'madzi ndi zotupa: ethylene glycol, ethanol, ndi zina zotero.
• Hydroformylation: hexanol, methanol, ndi zina zotero.
• Njira zokhudzana ndi oxidation: kupanga mafuta oledzera apamwamba.
• Njira zowonzanso: zakumwa zoledzeretsa, xylitol, ndi zina zotero.
• Njira zamagetsi: kupanga glycerin ndi ethanol.

Imodzi mwa mankhwala opangidwa kwambiri ndi ethyl alcohol (ethanol). Pachifukwa chake, njira yopangira mphira wojambulira inapangidwa. Ethanol imapezeka kuchokera ku mankhwala a hydrolysis a nkhuni, ethylene, sulfite liquors ndi enzymatic njira kuchokera ku zakudya zopangira.

Kupeza mowa (ethanol ndi methanol) kuchokera ku zakudya zowonjezera ndi nkhuni ndizofunika kwambiri komanso nthawi yambiri. Dothi la ethyl ndi lopindulitsa kwambiri ndipo limakhala losavuta kupanga kuchokera ku zipangizo zosakwera mtengo za hydrocarbon, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito ethylene. Kuti mupeze tani imodzi ya ethanol mu njira ya enzymatic, muyenera kupanga matani anayi a tirigu kapena matani asanu ndi atatu a utuchi. Kuyerekezera: tani imodzi ya ethanol imachokera ku matani 2.5 a mafuta oundana kapena mafuta a ethylene. Ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito m'maola ambiri popanga ethyl mowa kuchokera zipangizo zosiyanasiyana: kuchokera tirigu - 160, kuchokera mbatata - 280, kuchokera ku ethylene - 10. Kupeza zakumwa zochokera ku petrochemical zipangizo ndi zotsika mtengo komanso ntchito yowononga.

Komanso chinthu chofunika kwambiri chotengera mankhwala ndi methanol. Kukonzekera kwamakono kwa methyl mowa kumapangidwa ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito yogwiritsa ntchito kaboni monoxide (II) kapena gasi yowonjezera pa mafakitale. Ndondomeko zamagetsi zimakhala zosiyana. Momwemonso amatha kugawa m'magulu atatu otsatirawa.

- Zophatikiza pa zinc-chromium catalysts pakamwa. Njirayi ndi yosatha ndipo imasinthidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zowonongeka panthawi yachangu.

- Synthesis pa zamkuwa-zinc-aluminium zotengera zowonongeka. Kugwiritsira ntchito njira zowonjezereka pamagetsi otsika kumalola kuti kuchepetsa kwambiri ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Ndi njira yopangira njirayi, kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa kwa zinthu zosafunika kumakhudzanso chothandizira.

- Kuphatikizira kwa methanol mu magawo atatu, yomwe ikuchitika poyimitsidwa kuchokera mu madzi amchere komanso chothandizira bwino. Imeneyi ndi njira yomwe imalimbikitsa kuwonjezeka kwa zokolola za mankhwala, pochepetsa ndalama. Njira zopezera zakumwa zoledzeretsa zikuyendetsedwa bwino. Gawo la magawo atatu ndi luso lapamwamba lopanga.