Mndandanda wa zitsulo zopanda feri: makhalidwe, ntchito

Kupititsa patsogolo chitukuko sikukanakhoza kuchitika mofulumira kwambiri ngati munthu sanapeze njira yowotulukira ndikupanga zitsulo zosiyanasiyana. Ndipo ngati poyamba izi zinkatsogoleredwa bwino ndi zida zapachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka pansi pa nthaka, posakhalitsa mndandanda wa zitsulo zosalimba zomwe anthu adatha "kuzila" zinayamba kuwonjezeka kwambiri. Kuyesera koyamba ndi kufufuza mwatsatanetsatane za zida zatsopano zimasonyeza kuti zinthu zonse zili ndi katundu wosiyana, ndipo ntchito yawo yofanana ndi yosatheka. Kuonjezera apo, zoperekera zochepa, zovuta kupanga zinakhala zifukwa zomwe zinapanga zitsulo zopanda chitsulo kukhala zamtengo wapatali komanso zamtengo wapatali kusiyana ndi zakuda.

Kodi ndizitsulo zotani?

Anthu ena amakhulupirira kuti zitsulo zopanda feri ndi golidi wamtengo wapatali, siliva ndi platinamu, koma maganizo awa ndi olakwika. Choyamba, mndandanda wa zitsulo zosalimba zomwe zili pamwambapa, sangathe kulemba zitsulo zonsezi, chifukwa zimakhala ndi magulu osiyanasiyana potsata katundu, njira ndi njira zochotsera, kufalitsa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito (kupatulapo makina odzola). Zitsulo zamakono zingaganizidwe kuti zonsezi sizili ndi Fe, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti, chitsulo.

M'chilengedwe, pali zinthu zambirimbiri zomwe zimakhala ndi katundu wapadera ndipo zimatsimikizira kuti zimapangidwa. Pakati pa otchuka kwambiri: mkuwa, aluminium, titaniyamu, magnesium, nickel, tin, lead, chromium, zirconium komanso zipangizo khumi ndi ziwiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale ochepa. Malemba oti apeze iwo sizingatheke, koma kulengedwa kwapangidwe muzochitika zamakono opangira sayansi ndi ntchito yopambana ndi maloto a asayansi ochokera konsekonse padziko lapansi ndi m'mibadwo yonse. Kuyenera kukumbukira ntchito za alchemical ndi zoyesedwa zomwe zafotokozedwa mu sayansi ya zaka zakale, ndi m'mbiri yakale, mabuku ndi nthano zambiri zomwe ziribe umboni wodalirika.

Moto, madzi ndi mkuwa

Nanga ubwino wa zitsulo zomwe siziri zachitsulo komanso zotsika mtengo? Nchifukwa chiyani nthawi zambiri amapeza minda yovuta kwambiri, ndipo amalonda ochulukirapo amitundu yosiyanasiyana sazengereza kusonkhanitsa zitsulo zopanda chitsulo? Chowonadi n'chakuti zipangizozi zili ndi zinthu zosiyana. Ambiri amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwapafupi ndi pulasitiki, mphamvu zopambana zogwirira ntchito, ndipo ngakhale zitsulo zomwe anthu amatha kuzichotsa ndizokulu, iliyonse imagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana.

Kwenikweni, sizinthu zonse zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito muwonekedwe loyera, losasinthika, mndandanda wa zitsulo zosakhala ndi zitsulo zomwe zimatchedwa kutchula ndizokulu kwambiri. Zimasakanikirana pamodzi, kupanga mapangidwe atsopano omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito mumagetsi a mlengalenga, mankhwala ndi zina zambiri za moyo waumunthu. Nthawi zina zimakhala zosakwanira kupanga gawo kapena chipangizo cha chipangizo kuchokera ku zitsulo zodula komanso zosiyana ndi zitsulo, koma kupanga kupopera mbewu. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zobvala zowonongeka zidzakhala zokwanira kukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe mukufuna.

Sizinthu zonse zomwe ndi golide zomwe zimakhala zonyezimira

Goli ndilo lotchuka kwambiri pakati pa mitundu. Izi sizosadabwitsa, kutchuka kwake kuli kwakukulu kotero kuti kwa nthawi yaitali iwo adalipidwa chifukwa cha malonda, anali maziko a zodzikongoletsera zosiyanasiyana ndipo mwachuluka anakhala chiyero cha ubwino wa anthu. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazo, mayiko pakati pa mayiko adakhala ofanana ndi golidi, ndipo tsopano nkhokwe za golide ndi ndalama za bajeti ya dziko lililonse ndizowunikira za kuchuluka kwa chuma ndi chuma cha anthu makamaka.

Kuwonjezera apo, golidi ndizitsulo zosawerengeka, koma zosavuta kuzigwira. Kupindulitsa kwake kwakukulu kumapangika bwino, chifukwa cha miyala yomwe imapanga zokongoletsera zabwino ndi zopangidwa ndi zachikasu zakuthupi. Komabe, m'chilengedwe pali golidi wangwiro, ndipo ndi kovuta kwambiri kuchotsa izo, pokhudzana ndi izi, zowonjezera zowonjezera zimaphatikizidwira, zomwe zimasintha mtundu ndi golide wa golide mu zotsatira zomaliza. Mndandanda wa zitsulo zosalimba ndi zosiyana, ndipo zowonjezera zonse zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana, zipangizo zazikuluzi ndizo:

• Mkuwa;

• Siliva;

• Nickel;

• Platinum;

• Palladium;

• Zinc.

Zitsulo zonsezi zimasintha mtundu wakale wa zinthu zomwe zimachokera, zomwe zingakhale ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira, pinki, zoyera. Kuyeneranso kumakhala ndi mphamvu ya chitsulo chosakanikirana, chifukwa chokha golide ndi yofewa kwambiri moti imatha kuwombera mosavuta, kudula ndi mpeni ndi mphamvu yoyenera, kuluma dzino. Njira zonsezi ndi zophweka komanso zopindulitsa kwa aliyense, kuyesa mankhwalawa kuti akhale oona.

Kuwonjezera pa mafakitale a golide, golidi amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani, makompyuta, kumanga malo ndi ndege, pamene akuchotsa mafuta.

Dragmetals

Zina mwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali kwambiri, zomwe zili pamwambazi sizomwe zimakhala zodula kwambiri, ndizomwe zili pokhapokha pazomweyi. Mndandanda wa zitsulo zopanda feri pa mtengo wawo zikuwerengedwa motere: (kusintha mitengo pa 1 gram):

• California - kuchokera ku madola 500,000;

• Osmium-187 - kuchokera ku madola zikwi 200;

• Rhodium - madola 225;

• Platinamu - madola 77;

• Golide - $ 30;

• Osmium - madola 19;

• Iridium -16 dollars;

• Ruthenium - madola 15;

• Palladium - madola 14;

• Siliva - 0,6 madola.

Kawirikawiri, ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo sikuti aliyense amagwiritsa ntchito ntchitoyi kuti apange luso lazodzikongoletsera. Kawirikawiri, kupanga bwino kwambiri kwa zigawo zina za zinthu zovuta kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka kumtunda kapena kutentha, mankhwala opweteka, ndi zina zotero. Zikuoneka kuti zitsulo zopanda feri kuchokera ku gululi ndi ntchito yolondola, yovuta koma yopindulitsa yomwe imachitika pamtundu wa boma kapena kudzera m'mabungwe odzipereka. M'makampani a usilikali, zipangizo zamakono, makomboti, kumene zigawo zina zopangira ntchito zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi pang'ono, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Ntchito

Ambiri angadabwe kuti chifukwa chiyani zipangizozi ndi zodula kwambiri. Ndipo pokhala ndi galasi yazitsulo zamtengo wapatali, kodi chingachitike ndi chiani? Yankho ndi losavuta: popanda luso lina ndi zipangizo - palibe.

Choncho, palladium imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chikumbutso ndi zinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa, zomwe zimakhala njira yopezera ndalama. Koma kwazinthu zothandiza zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zipangizo zamankhwala. Ruthenium ndi othandiza ngati chimodzi mwa zinthu zoyenera kuyeretsedwa kwa madzi, ndipo iridium imalimbikitsa zida zogulitsa zomwe zidzatuluke kutentha kwakukulu.

Zambiri zazitsulo zopanda feri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yopezera ndalama komanso kusungira likulu, kutenga nawo malonda monga momwe zimagwirira ntchito, komanso kukhala imodzi mwa njira zothandizira mthunzi ndi kugwirizanitsa.

Zitsulo zamkuwa

Mkuwa ndi chimodzi mwa zipangizo zamakono popanga magetsi, magetsi a madzi, pa zamagetsi. Zimakopa kwambiri, zimapangitsa kutentha ndi magetsi bwino, ngakhale kuti sizingatheke komanso sizingatheke. Pofuna kuthetsa vutoli, zonyansa zosiyanasiyana zimaphatikizapo zitsulo zoyera, zomwe zimapangitsa mkuwa kukhala wochuluka. Tini yomwe imapangidwa chifukwa chaichi sikumayikidwa ndi kutupa ndi kuvala, chifukwa cha izi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti ntchitoyo itheke.

Zowonjezera zina zowonjezera ndi zinc, chiwerengero china cha chitsulo chimapangitsa kukhala ndi mkuwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito zoterezi, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizofunika kwambiri, ndizomwe zimakhala zowonjezereka, zowonjezera zitsulo, komanso zowonongeka kwambiri.

Koma chojambulira cha mkuwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodzikongoletsera, zowonjezera zimapereka mtundu wokongola kwambiri ndi mphamvu ku zogulitsa.

Aluminium alloys

Aluminium ndi mmodzi mwa atsogoleri pakati pa zitsulo zopanda chitsulo. Kutchuka kotereku kumabwera chifukwa cha kutsika mtengo, kosavuta kugwiritsira ntchito, kusinthasintha kwazitsulo, kukhala ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito zowonjezeredwa.

Mofanana ndi zitsulo zina, zowonjezera zowonjezera zimaphatikizidwanso ku zitsulo zopangidwa ndi aluminiyumu palimodzi, kuphatikizapo, zida zokha zimatha kukhala ndi njira zosiyana zogwirira ntchito, zomwe zimagawidwa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti zithetsedwe, sizilimbikitsidwa, komanso pali gulu losiyana, lachitatu lomwe limalola kuyika ziwalo zofunika Ndipo zopangidwa.

Zowonjezera zitsulo zopanda zitsulo zimasonyeza kuti zakuthupi zitatha chithandizocho zimatenga mawonekedwe a ndodo, mawaya a zigawo zosiyanasiyana ndi zolinga, mapepala, mapaipi, nkhumba ndi mitengo.