Ndani uyu ndi zimene analemba Richard mipope?

The Jewish-Polish banja pakutha pa nkhondo World Ndinabadwa wotchuka American mbiri, katswiri wa mbiri wa USSR ndi Russia Richard Payps. Mkubwela kwa Anazi mipope Movutikira anathawa wotanganidwa Poland ndi anyalanyaza m'mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo "chernorubashechnuyu" Mussolini Italy anakhala mu United States, Ohio. Richard mipope anaphunzira ku koleji n'kuyamba kutumikira mu ndege American, zomwe zinachititsa kupeza nzika za dziko lino. Mu nkhondo, ndinaphunzitsidwa wabwino yomasulira ku Russian.

dziko

Pambuyo demobilization Richard mipope anakwatiwa ndi maphunziro University Harvard, kumene anaphunzitsidwa ndi nzeru zapamwamba wotchuka, katswiri wa European mbiri ganizo Crane Brinton, kutsimikiziridwa mbali yabwino mu sayansi yamakono ndipo analeredwa ambiri odziwika bwino m'dziko lonselo kanjedza chitukuko ndi ndale.

Mipope anakumana ndi nkhani yolembedwa digirii mu 1950, ndiye ntchito ku University mbadwa Harvard. Kale mu 1963 anakhala katswiri Richard mapaipi, mu 1968 - mkulu wa Russian Center Research pa University Harvard, ndipo mu 1973 anapita ku ntchito ufulu wa mkulu mlangizi sayansi ku Institute of maphunziro Russian pa University of Steenforda.

"Team B"

Team B ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi "Team A", kwa gawo lalikulu chifukwa chakuti ambiri a iwo anali kutumikira monga counterweight kwa yokonza maganizo a anthu. Mu "Team A" ntchito akatswiri yekha umodzi ulamuliro - CIA ofufuza, pamene gulu limene analowa mu 1976 mapaipi, anali panali akatswiri zosakhudzana ndi usilikali anapuma.

Komabe, magulu onse zinalengedwa pamutu ziyenera a CIA wa kuopseza ku Soviet Union States. CIA wotsogolera pa nthawi anali Dzhordzh Chitsamba Choyaka. Kuchokera mu 1981, Bungwe National Security nkhani zambiri mfundo US kwa Chiphunzitso cha Ronald Reagan ndi Richard mipope chinkhoswe. Dipatimenti State, choncho zaka zambirimbiri anakhalabe ntchito m'dera yaikulu ya wolemba ndale. Ndi ndi kotunga mapaipi ndi anzake njerwa woyamba anachotsedwa malo amene boma la USSR anaima, pogwiritsa ntchito njira mwapadera anayamba ndale.

pompano

Ndiponso pambuyo kuwonongedwa kwa USSR American wasayansi ndale pakati pa anthu ambiri zambiri mu dziko lathu, kuthandiza angadzaliwononge kwa pafupi 1958. Tsopano iye ali mu Komiti ya American polimbana ndi mtendere Chechnya, kumene mogwirizana ndi iye, atsogolere kuthetsa mikangano. Mu yomweyi, akupitiriza kufufuza mbiri ya Russia ndi ambiri Russian anakwiya kuwerenga chinachake zimene analemba Richard mipope.

Nkhani wake waukulu nthawi ndi nthawi mu Russia. Komanso, kugwirizana mwachangu ndi odziwika anatsutsa, ndipo kunena zoona, kuti aukire ntchito kwa dziko - Sukulu ya Studies Political mu Moscow - Richard mipope zonse akadzafika mu dziko kupereka nkhani. Mtsikanayu zosiyanasiyana zibonga zokambirana, amapereka kuyankhulana kwa atolankhani Russian ndi achilendo pa zotsatira (zambiri zoopsa chifukwa ife) za ntchito zake.

Mbiri ya Russia mwa maso a mipope

Richard mapaipi, bukhu amene anatuluka mu zosiyanasiyana pafupifupi onse atamva kumlingo mbiri ya Russia, njira chosiyana kuona chitukuko cha dziko lathu, si mwachangu ngati chakuti njira iyi ndi zimasiyana kwambiri m'mayiko ena 'trajectories chitukuko. Akusendera kufanana ndi kuphunzira chodabwitsa ya October kuukira boma ku kutali kale Russia, kutsatira chiyambi cha malingaliro chikominisi kumeneko. Malinga ndi iye, akale Moscovia sankafuna basi kuti ndi lingaliro la chuma payekha, amene modabwitsa chimasiyanitsa izo kwa onse a ku Ulaya. Iye anali mwini yekha - Grand Duke.

Pakokha zopusa zonse osachepera pang'ono bwino mbiri ya boma Russian. Inde, kalonga akhoza kutaya pa mosungiramo zopereka, koma osati chuma cha anthu ake. Mipope molakwika ndipo kwambiri pang'onong'ono akutanthauzira mau oti "patrimony". Kumakunenani akalonga athu ndi mafumu a nihilism malamulo, zilibe kuganizira kuti dziko kusiyana bwinobwino, kukula m'mayiko adani anagonjetsa. Mabungwe waukulu feudalism, anamanga ku Europe, amene mapaipi monga kumbali, sanaletse kutaikira mitsinje ya magazi, yomwe wathu Ivanu Groznomu ndi konse kudzakhala.

"Matenda kusayeruzika"

bukhulo lomwe timagwiritsa chodabwitsa Richard mipope ( "Russia Mchipangano Chakale ulamuliro"), oddly mokwanira, anali phunziro la kwambiri ku mayunivesite Russian komanso mabungwe. Kuti aukire ndi zoipa postulates ali zimasonyeza kuti ndi zosaloleka. Mukhoza kuphunzira mabuku awa mwa maphunziro kokha pamene ophunzira alandira kale zakale kudziwa m'munsi. Kukuza M'maso kuphunzira ndi mtsutso.

Mapaipi ndi chikhalidwe Russian zedi sindimakonda, ndipo mu bukhu ili iye amapereka iye kuwunika zoipa, kuika chala ndendende chikhalidwe cha chuma, amene wapanga ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi azungu asintha.

Anzeruwo: Russian ndi American

Kusankha kuvomereza mu Russia mapaipi komanso amakhulupirira cholakwa chachikulu. Koma kuti ndibwereze Chaadaeva athu pa nkhaniyi, muyenera zambiri mozama mbali maganizo nzeru zapamwamba Russian. Ndipo Richard mipope ( "Russian utasintha" ndi ntchito zina - chitsimikiziro mwachindunji za izi) - pambuyo ambiri - zingwe tamutchula ndinu yemweyo, kumene Chaadaev wapeza kusiyana ndi chitukuko Western poyerekezera ndi kusintha kwa Byzantium - pambali pa zikuluzikulu za chitukuko Mkhristu.

Apa ife akumbukire zina Chikatolika magazi amapeza wina, anakhala nthambi zikuluzikulu za Chikhulupiriro: The Reformation pano "taxied". Byzantine nthambi ya Chikhristu si kukhetsa mwazi kwambiri, kunalibe misonkhano. Ngakhale kwambiri maganizo ndi kusanthula maganizo mipope 'pa mgwirizano wathu wa Gogol ndi Pushkin, zina zinyanya, koma nthawi zambiri - kuseka.

chidwi kufanana

Richard mipope ( "The chiyambi cha ufulu" ndipo pafupifupi onse otsala a ntchito yake fotokozerani wodzipereka kwa nkhaniyi) amaona kufanana kwambiri pakati m'maulamuliro a Soviet Union ndi Nazi Germany. Izi anabwereza kawirikawiri kuti amakhala ngati mtundu wa mawu ena, muulamuliro wa amene adakali afika wamng'ono kuganiza ndi yodziwika ndi kupanda zinachitikira moyo wa anthu.

Nthawi zambiri, ndi pakamwa osiyana tsopano tili kumva izi zoipa mabodza awo ndi mawu chilungamo. Izi zosagwirizana ndi zipani, ngakhale mfundo mkati kapena kunja pa aliyense wa magawo kuli m'mayiko awiriwa anali ofanana.

Pamene Soviet Union anaphedwa

Apa m'pofunika kuona amene manja mipope kuthira madzi. Monga mwa nthawi zonse Choncho "Mphamba" za kukhazikitsidwa American, iye ndiye kukhulupirira Reagan - ngati mlangizi kwa CIA ndi Council Security National mutu wa Dipatimenti - kutenga miyeso aakulu kwa yimitsira ndi chiwonongeko cha USSR. Zinali iye amene anali katswiri njira zawo kumasulira mbiri ya Russia, ndi United States Dziwani mutsogoleli wadziko kuti Soviet Union - ndi colossus pa miyendo dongo.

Adamtsata kuthamanga ku United States: kuthandiza mujahideen ku Afghanistan ndi Chechnya, kugwa mitengo mafuta ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa makina mabodza ndi gulu la misewu yaikulu ya sukulu kumene ophunzitsidwa tsogolo "okonzanso achinyamata". Network, ndi njira, wakafika mayiko onse likulu ndi zambiri kapena zochepa lalikulu Kupititsa ndi dera malo, ndi m'ma lalikulu sukulu anakakhala pa mlingo wa makomiti boma. Patapita zaka zisanu, Soviet Union chinatha. Kodi mafani kuyamikira mabuku "Awiri Russian njira." Richard mipope anapambana.

Russia sizidzakhala mayiko amphamvu?

Mipope akukhulupirira kuti kale pochimanga, Russia anachita kanthu kuti ndizitha udindo umenewu m'dera dziko. Cholinga cha mfundo mogwira mtima ichi - manyazi kwambiri dziko lalikulu anthu (ndipo osati West, komanso zoweta) maganizo.

Komabe, Russia mipope maganizo si kofunika. zochita zambiri zofunika kuti akhoza tinganene kulowelera mu zochitika athu mkati. Geopolitics dziko lathu zimadalira malo Hrs, amene kumangofuna kuti akhale wamphamvu. M'malire yaitali, kukhudzana ndi Ulaya, Asia, ku Middle East - mavuto onse padziko, ndi zina zochitika padziko lonse sitingapeze kutenga malo opanda nawo.

Mapaipi ndi Russian anzeru

Wotchuka American wasayansi ndale anabweretsa ntchito chisanadze chosintha Russia, ndi anzeru. Tikumbukenso kuti chidwi cha wolemba sakutero ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira basi ndi osafuna kusintha osafuna kusintha analipo msasa kuti ankalimbikitsa mafumu, ziphunzitso ndi autocracy. Zingapo limodzi sidedly tikambirane mbali imeneyi ya Russian anthu Richard mipope. Katundu ndi ufulu - izi ndi zigawo ziwiri za mfundo zake dziko, amene sangaonekerenso kudzipatula Chrixitu. Koma nanga bwanji mbali ya mtima Russian, nthawi zonse zochokera umphawi wake? Si mapaipi monga saganizira Zikuoneka kuti alibe mfundo za moyo wake.

Koma monga mpweya, iye analankhula za malingaliro kuti Verkhovod ndipo tsopano mu Russia, pa kusamvetsa chachilendo - Republican. Izi chuma owolowa manja, zamakono dziko chifukwa cha anthu amati m'mbuyo mwa chikhalidwe si anzeru kwambiri, osati kulandira njira iliyonse pang'onopang'ono. Izi wandiweyani nationalists amene ndimalota za malamulo akale, ndi ŵakusanga ntchito za ndi atsogoleri chipembedzo. A moona wanzeru anthu mipope saganizira, ngati iwo anali asanakhalepo, ngakhale Herzen kapena Kropotkin kapena Bakunin kapena Lopatin kapena Plekhanov sanafune. Koma demonization Vladimira Ilicha Lenina, munthu zana zina mkulu-zouluka nthanthi ganizo, kuposa panopa zambiri wolemba anayamba m'buku Richarda Paypsa.

afterword

Mu ntchito mipope kuchuluka mitundu yonse ogwidwa ndi maumboni, zomwe olemba mbiri Russian asolola kufanana ndi Ulaya. Koma kuwerenga akupitirira, m'pamenenso funso n'lakuti: ngati wolemba si akuseka nafe, kupereka malemba amenewa m'nkhani imeneyi? Kuganiza kuti malemba ndi lopangidwa ndi olakwika kale mu isanayambe mazana makumi awiri, ankaona mwa nzeru ena Russian ndi olemba mu mitundu yonse ya mwano zosiyanasiyana zikuchitika.

Pamene kuwerenga zikuoneka kuti izi anzeru mipope rassmeotsya mu mzere lotsatira, kunena kuti anali adaseleula motere naye, monga kunalembedwa osaneneka. Koma palibe. Mipope akadali kumapitirirabe. Ndipo si oseketsa.