Zizindikiro za kalembedwe sayansi lembalo. Mbali yaikulu ya kalembedwe sayansi ya kulankhula

Mu masiku ano Russian anaganiza kuonetsetsa asanu masitaelo yaikulu ya kulankhula. Aliyense amakhala ndi magulu ena a anthu ndi mitundu ya utolankhani. Chovuta kwambiri kumvetsa akuti ndi kalembedwe sayansi ya kulankhula. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi kuchuluka kwa inclusions mu lemba la mawu apadera.

Zikhulupiriro General

chilankhulo Scientific ndi njira kulankhulana chiphunzitso kafukufuku, ndi ntchito akatswiri mawunikidwe. Ndi kalembedwe imeneyi yolembera malemba mu moyo weniweniwo chifukwa wina nkhope munthu aliyense mosachotsera. Anthu ambiri amachita chidwi kwambiri ndi chinenero sayansi pakamwa. Pakali pano, ndi katswiri pa malamulo a kalembedwe ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe Russian. kulankhula Scientific nthawi zambiri zimachitika mabuku (bookish) chinenero. chifukwa ili pali modalities ndi mbali stylistic monga khalidwe monological, kufuna matenda terminology, ndikuganiza za chiganizo ndi mndandanda okhwima kudzera mwa mawu.

Mbiri ya zosayembekezereka wa masitayeloŵa

kulankhula Scientific anaonekera chifukwa chitukuko mofulumira zosiyanasiyana chidziwitso latsopano m'madera yopapatiza-mbiri ya moyo. Poyamba, kalembedwe imeneyi ya ulaliki angayerekezedwe ndi Nkhani luso. Komabe, mu nthawi Alesandriya chinenero asayansi pang'onopang'ono wosiyana mabuku. Masiku amenewo, Agiriki zambiri ntchito terminology wapadera kuti anthu wamba chabe sankakhoza bwino. Komanso nthawi imeneyi anayamba kudziwa zizindikiro za kalembedwe sayansi.

Koyamba apadera terminology anali kokha mu Latin. Posachedwapa, asayansi padziko lonse anayamba kumasulira m'zinenero zawo. Komabe, mode mayiko a kufala kwa mudziwe sayansi ndi kuti Latin mpaka lero. Pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, aphunzitsi ambiri amayesetsa olondola ndi kufupika kwa kulemba malemba kuti asamuke pazipita kuchoka zinthu luso la ulaliki, monga mabuku ndi kutengeka zosemphana ndi malamulo a zomveka sanjira zinthu.

"Kumasuka" kalembedwe sayansi ndi pang'onopang'ono. Chitsanzo ndi ndemanga unflattering wa Descartes ntchito za Galileo, kuti lemba kwambiri fictionalized. maganizo amagawidwa ndi Kepler, popeza kuti Italian sayansi poponya zambiri kulankhula malongosoledwe luso la chikhalidwe cha zinthu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, chitsanzo cha kalembedwe inali ntchito ya Newton. Russian chinenero sayansi anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe okha m'ma 18. Nthawi imeneyi, olemba mabuku apadera ndi omasulira anayamba kulenga terminology yake. Mu zaka za m'ma 18, Mikhail Lomonosov ndi otsatira ake wafunsira mapangidwe kalembedwe sayansi. ambuye ambiri anadalira ntchito za sayansi Russian, koma potsiriza terminology anali apangidwe lokha m'zaka 19 mochedwa.

Mitundu ya kalembedwe sayansi

Pa nthawi, pali 2 classifications: miyambo ndi anawonjezera. Mwa mfundo ano, Chirasha mitundu 4 kalembedwe sayansi. Aliyense ali peculiarities zake ndi zofunika.

Gulu mwambo:

1. otchuka sayansi malemba. mulingo wake omvera kuti alibe luso ndi nzeru mu malo ena. Popular sayansi lemba lofotokozabe ambiri mawu kumva za nkhaniyo, koma khalidwe lake kwambiri wosalira kwa maganizo a. Komanso kalembedwe ichi amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito maganizo ndi limaonetseratu mtundu wa kulankhula. cholinga chake ndi dziŵani kugulu ndi mfundo ndi zochitika. Nzosadabwitsa pa mapeto a 1980s munali subspecies wa masitayeloŵa - lemba sayansi ndi zolembalemba. Iwo amachepa ntchito mawu luso ndi manambala, ndi pamaso pawo ali ndi kumasulira kwa Tsatanetsatane.

Chifukwa kalembedwe sayansi ndi otchuka amakhala ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: a poyerekeza ndi zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku, chomasuka kuwerenga ndi kumvetsera, kuphweka, nkhani ya zochitika paokha popanda gulu ndi review ambiri. Ulaliki wa mtundu kawirikawiri imafalitsidwa mabuku, magazini, mainsaikulopediya ana.

2. Maphunziro ndi lemba sayansi. The addressee ntchito zimenezi ndizo ophunzira. Cholinga cha uthenga - timudziwe bwino mfundo zofunika amaonera mfundo zina. Mfundo m'njira ambiri ndi zitsanzo zina mmene. kalembedwe Izi chibadidwe ntchito terminology akatswiri gulu okhwima ndi kusintha yosalala kuchokera kafukufuku milandu inayake. Ntchito lofalitsidwa mu mabuku ndi milozo. 3. zivute sayansi malemba. Nawa addressee luso zaluso ndi maphunziro. cholinga ndi kufotokoza mfundo zenizeni, atulukira ndi malamulo. kalembedwe Scientific zitsanzo za amene angapezeke mu nkhani yolembedwa, malipoti ndi ndemanga, osati amalola ntchito terminology, komanso munthu bezemotsionalnye tanthauzo lake.

4. zaumisiri ndi sayansi malemba. Ntchito za mtundu wa akatswiri adiresi kalembedwe yopapatiza mbiri. cholinga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso ndi zina zomwe amachita.

Mu gulu ndi kukodzedwa, kuwonjezera pa mitundu tatchulawa, mulinso malemba informativno- ndi maumboni ndi sayansi.

Chikhazikitso cha kalembedwe sayansi

Masiyanidwe a mitundu ya chinenero zachokera katundu ambiri a zinenero ntchito mawu, akuwonetseredwa kaya dera (anthu, yeniyeni, zachilengedwe) ndi mtundu wanyimbo kusiyana.

Kuchuluka kwa sayansi kulankhulana kalembedwe ndi chosiyana kwambiri kuti cholinga chake ndi lomveka zomveka mawu a maganizo. Mawonekedwe chachikulu cha chinenero ndi malingaliro, maganizo, mfundo zazikulu zimene zimaoneka mwa ndondomeko. kulankhula Scientific nthawi zonse odzazidwa ndi mfundo zimene zingakhale podcherchivali ya kulingalira. ziweruzo zonse n'zochokera kaphatikizidwe ndi kusanthula mfundo zilipo.

Zizindikiro za sayansi lemba kalembedwe kutenga abstracted ndi zowombetsa mkota chikhalidwe. Common mbali extralinguistic kulankhula ndi katundu ali motere:

1. Abstraction ndi generalization yoonetsa. Pafupifupi liwu lililonse amatanthauza akuti kapena umboni chinthu. Mu mabwalo yopapatiza angamvele chinthu monga kalembedwe zowombetsa mkota sayansi. Zitsanzo za zimasiyanitsa mbali yake yaikulu: predominance mu malemba a manauni, kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo ochiritsira, ntchito amalire mneni chabe kapangidwe mawu.
2. Kugwirizana kwa ulaliki. mawu onse zochokera zonse ndi unambiguously, mfundo zokhudzana. Izi zimatheka ndi ntchito malembedwe wapadera ndi njira yeniyeni ya kulankhulana.
3. Yolondola ulaliki. Mundawu ndi kalembedwe sayansi ya kulankhula zimatheka chifukwa kawirikawiri mawu, mawu lomveka ndi mawu mawu zomveka.
4. Umboni wa ulaliki. Aliyense mkangano ayenera amapereka mwa mfundo yoyenera. Machulukitsidwe ulaliki. Zamalankhulidwe katundu lipoti exhausts munda osankhidwa a sayansi.
5. The Kudziwa za nkhaniyo. The pakalibe maganizo a kulanda tanthauzo la lembalo. mawu onse lolunjika pa nkhani ya lipoti kupeza mawonekedwe chabe wa kulankhula.

chilankhulo Features

kalembedwe Scientific wapeza mawu ndi mawu ake kugwirizana mu mayunitsi ena. makhalidwe ake chinenero kungakhale mitundu itatu:

1. Lexical mayunitsi. Kudziwa zinchito ndi stylistic ochekenera malemba. Iwo yodziwika ndi njira yeniyeni morphological ndi nyumba syntactic.
2. Stylistic umodzi. Udindo ndale zinchito malemba katundu. Choncho, kutithandiza kuona ndi predominance awo kachulukidwe mu lipoti. Payokha mayunitsi Amowabu zimapezeka mu mawonekedwe a mitundu morphological. Pasanathe ambiri, iwo angathe kukhala zomangamanga syntactical.
3. Mezhstilevaya unit. Umatchedwanso zinthu chinenero ndale. Iwo ntchito masitaelo onse kulankhula. Kutenga mbali yaikulu ya lembalo.

kalembedwe Scientific ndi mbali

Lililonse mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa kulankhula amakhazikitsa katundu chionetsero mwini. Mbali yaikulu ya kalembedwe sayansi: lexical, zinenero syntactic.

Mbali yoyamba monga kugwiritsa ntchito phraseology apadera ndi terminology. mbali Lexical wa kalembedwe sayansi ya kulankhula Kawirikawiri m'mawu ndi mtengo wapadera. Zitsanzo za "thupi" - liwu kwa sayansi "asidi" - zimapangidwira, etc. Komanso zinthu zonsezi chibadidwe generalising ntchito mawu monga "ambiri", "ambiri", "zonse". Limaonetseratu ndi colloquial lotanthauzira ankadya asapembedzere. Komano, analola mawu-cliché kanjedza zosiyanasiyana ndi zilembo. Pankhaniyi, ayenera kukhala ndi maulalo nkhani. Nkofunika kuti anadzazidwa ndi mawu lonse. Nkhani amapita ku gulu lachitatu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito kawirikawiri ofanana. mbali Lexical wa kalembedwe sayansi - 6 maphunziro kalasi kusekondale, choncho ayenera ikuchitika m'chinenero otchuka. Uzkoprofilnye terminology si wamba. mbali zinenero kalembedwe sayansi lemba la ayenera kutsatira zofuna monga Kudziwa ndi unemotional. Nkofunika kuti mawu onse ndi mfundo ndi osokoneza.

mbali Syntactic wa kalembedwe sayansi: ntchito mwapadera a puronauni "ife" kuchuluka kwa nyumba bwana zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito mkhalidwe wa. Information zimalowa mawonekedwe chabe a mawu ndi ndondomeko muyezo. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ofotokozera, kungokhala chete ndi pulagi kapangidwe bwana.

mbali zonse chachikulu cha kalembedwe sayansi ya kulankhula mfundo zapadera lemba zikuchokera. lipoti udzagawanika m'magulu lakuti. Nkofunika kuti lemba munali oyamba, maziko ndi tanthauzo lake.

kalembedwe Scientific: mbali lexical

Mawonekedwe waukulu wa kulankhula akatswiri ndi chisonyezo cha ganizo ndi zosiyana. N'chifukwa chake kalembedwe izi lexical wagawo amaimira chinthu umboni kapena chodabwitsa. Mwapadera ndi ndendende ngati mfundo apadera kulola kuulula mawu. Popanda mawu awa kapena mawu osonyeza chinthu makamaka osiyanasiyana yopapatiza ya ntchito, sikutheka kulingalira masiku kalembedwe sayansi. Zitsanzo za mawu amenewa ndi njira n'zosangalatsa kumva pachimake manja, makina ounikira osiyanasiyana, gawo, prism, kutentha, chizindikiro, laser ndi ena.

Mkati mwa dongosolo lexical a mawu amenewa nthawi zonse m'mbali. Iwo popanda mawu ndipo saona ndale za kalembedwe. Mawu otchedwa chinenero makonzedwe munda wa sayansi ntchito. Ambiri a iwo anabwera ku Russian lotanthauzira mawu a Chingerezi kapena Latin.

Today, akuti akuti ndi limodzi mwa cilamulo botolo la mgwirizano pakati pa anthu. Chotero mbali lexical wa kalembedwe sayansi mawu a manambala malipoti mbiri ndi mapepala amachuluka pa mitundu ina ya mawu. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, terminology ndi pafupifupi 20% ya mawu onse. M'chilankhulo sayansi izo ophatikizapo pachilichonse ndi limatchula. Matanthauzo a mawu amapereka tanthauzo, ndiye kufotokoza mwachidule chodabwitsa kapena chinthu. Aliyense mfundo m'chilankhulo sayansi tingaone.

Mawu angapo a zinthu zenizeni. Kuwonjezera wapadera ndi olondola, kuphweka, kugwirizana ndi stylistic ndithu. Mmodzi mwa zofunika waukulu mawu alipo (panopa), kotero kuti iwo sali achikale. Monga mukudziwa, sayansi akhoza m'malo ndi mfundo ena atsopano ndi capacious. Komanso, mawu ayenera kukhala pafupi ndi chinenero lonse. Mwachitsanzo: kungoganizira, luso, kulankhulana ndi ena. Dziwani kuti chibwenzi, mau ambiri kawirikawiri analandira mawu kupanga mayiko zinthu (zamera, owonjezera, odana Wachiwiri, mini, Mark ndi ena).

Zonse mu zonse, lingaliro la yopapatiza gawo lonse ndipo Interscience. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo mawu monga kusanthula vuto nkhani yolembedwa, ndondomeko, etc., wachiwiri - chuma, ntchito, mtengo. The aakulu kwambiri apadera kwa amaonera zinthu zosiyana. Mfundo za izi lexical otchulidwa okha kwa yofunika sayansi.
Zikhulupiriro kulankhula katswiri ntchito mtengo umodzi wokha yeniyeni. Zikatero, ngati liwu ndi Mipikisano wofunika kuti ayenera kumasulira mawu limamveketsa malangizo ake. Mwa mfundo zimene muyenera limatchula, izi: thupi, mphamvu, kayendedwe, kukula.

Generalization kawirikawiri zimatheka ndi ntchito zambiri mayunitsi umboni lexical kalembedwe sayansi. Komanso, chinenero akatswiri ali khalidwe yake yeniyeni phraseology. Pamafunikanso mawu monga akuti "plexus dzuwa", "zolowa participial", "limbikitsa", "ndi", "ntchito" etc.

Terminology amapereka osati mfundo kumvetsa pa mlingo lonse, komanso ngakhale zolembedwa za malamulo.

kalembedwe Scientific: mbali zinenero

Language yopapatiza mbiri dera kulankhulana yodziwika ndi zochititsa morphological. Generalization ndi abstraction wa kulankhula kuwonekera osiyana mayunitsi kalembedwe, zimene zimapezeka mu kusankha mitundu ndi magulu ulaliki. Yodziwika ndi mbali zinenero kalembedwe sayansi kubwerezabwereza pafupipafupi m'lembali, ndiye mlingo kachulukidwe katundu.

Osalembedwa malamulo lexical ndalama zimapangitsa ntchito yochepa mawu yofanana. Njira imodzi ngati kuchepetsa kupanikizika ndi kusintha chinenero cha mitundu ya manauni ndi zachikazi ku chachimuna (mwachitsanzo: kiyi - kiyi). Nkhani yofanana ndi ndi zambiri zomwe m'malo limodzi. Chitsanzo: linden maluwa mu June. Pankhaniyi, amanena kuti mtengo kuposa umodzi wokha, ndipo banja lonse la zomera. manauni Real zina ntchito mu zambiri: kuya kwambiri, phokoso mu wailesi, etc.

Zikhulupiriro mu chinenero sayansi kwambiri akanagonjetsa mayina a zochita. Izi zachitika kuchepetsa ntchito ya chongopeka kasewenzetsedwe ka mau malemba. Nthawi zambiri, mbali iyi ya kulankhula m'malo mwa manauni. Kalembedwe sayansi kudya kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kumabweretsa imfa ndi tanthauzo lexical, kutembenuzira nkhaniyo mu maonekedwe chabe. Choncho, mbali iyi ya kulankhula kokha kulankhulana ya mawu malipoti: kukhala, kukhala, kunena kuti, kodi, kuti, kuti, kuti anaona kuti mtima, etc.

Komano, mu chinenero sayansi pali gulu osiyana kasewenzetsedwe ka mau kuti atumikire monga zinthu za kuphatikiza. Pankhaniyi, iwo kupatsira ulaliki wa tanthauzo la chinenero. Zitsanzo amatha kufa, kuchita kuwerengetsera. Nthawi zambiri manenedwe umboni wa kasewenzetsedwe ka mau ntchito kalembedwe sayansi kulankhulana: kuti kulibe, pitirizani kulankhula ndi ena. Amagwiritsidwanso amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito grammatically wofooka form: distillation imachitidwa, kuwalingalira, etc.

China zinenero kalembedwe ndi ntchito gawo zosasinthika kufunika kulankhula khalidwe. Izi zachitika kusonyeza makhalidwe ndi katundu zodabwitsa amene ankafufuza kapena zinthu. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kasewenzetsedwe ka mau m'mbuyomu mtengo zosasinthika zikuphatikizapo okha malemba sayansi (Zitsanzo: malipoti zatsopano, malipoti kafukufuku). Mu predicates akatswiri chinenero mayina 80% milandu ntchito mawonekedwe wopanda ungwiro, mawu amenewa anali a chikhalidwe ambiri. Ena kasewenzetsedwe ka mau amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mawonekedwe a tsogolo yomangika mu liwiro khola. Mwachitsanzo: tikambirane kutsimikizira, etc.

Koma mawu akuti munthu, kalembedwe sayansi zimagwirira ntchito mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha abstraction malemba. Nthawi zina, njira monga "ife" ndi "inu" monga iwo concretise nkhani ndi pempho. Mu jargon ambiri akuti munthu wachitatu.

kalembedwe Scientific: mbali syntactic

Kwa mtundu uwu wa kulankhula yodziwika ndi mtima wokonda mfundo zovuta kutisokoneza. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti molondola kwambiri tanthauzo lenileni mfundo, kukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa mawu, zimayambitsa, zotsatila ndi tanthauzo lake. mbali Syntactic wa kalembedwe sayansi lemba yodziwika ndi generalization ndi pachilichonse za ziwalo zonse za mawu.

Mitundu yofala bwana ali wamng'ono constituent. mitundu zovuta zilumikizano ndi zinkalankhulidwa ndi mbali ya ulaliki (malemba sayansi). Zitsanzo za malangizo onse a m'lemba angapezeke mu nazonse ndi mabuku. Kuti agwirizane ziwalo zonse za kulankhula ntchito binders osakaniza: Pomaliza Choncho, etc.

Anapereka mu chinenero sayansi anamanga uniformly ndi kulemekeza mfundo dera. Kuvomerezedwa chofunika - mafotokozedwe zogwirizana. Aliyense mwatsatanetsatane ayenera nawatsimikizira zogwirizana ndi imodzi yapita. mawonekedwe Interrogative ntchito kulemba sayansi ali osowa kwambiri ndipo okha kukopa chidwi cha omvera.

Kubweretsa mawu a khalidwe umboni zosasinthika amagwiritsa mawu enieni malembedwe (chabe kapena generic). Wosewera ku ntchito zoterezi akusowa. Tcheru liziyang'ana pa kanthu ndi mavuto ake. The zowombetsa mkota ndi kalekale zake mawu akugwiritsidwa kokha ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo ndi kachitidwe.

Mitundu chinenero sayansi

Mabuku a kalembedwe imeneyi mwa mawonekedwe a zinthu yomalizidwa ndi dongosolo lolingana. Mmodzi wa Mitundu wotchuka kwambiri ndi chachikulu. Mawu amenewa sayansi (Zitsanzo lemba: Nkhani, nkhani monographs m'kamwa ulaliki, lipoti) opangidwa ndi olemba umodzi kapena kuposerapo. Nkhani amapita anthu kwa nthawi yoyamba.

The mtundu wanyimbo sekondale zikuphatikizapo malemba amene malinga ndi zomwe zilipo. Izi nkhani ndi umboni, ndipo umboni, ndipo umboni.

Aliyense wa Mitundu ali mbali zina stylistic kuti sakutsutsana ndi kalembedwe sayansi dongosolo nkhani ndi kulandira makhalidwe ofanana ndi maonekedwe.