Collectivization mu Soviet Union kuti: zolinga ndi zotsatira

Cha m'ma 1920s utsogoleri Soviet anatenga azilandira maphunziro a mafakitale. Koma yomanga yaikulu ya maofesi mafakitale anafunika ndalama zambiri. Ife anaganiza iwo m'mudzi. Choncho anayamba collectivization.

Kodi izo zonse zinayamba

Kuyesa kukakamiza anthu wamba kugwira ntchito m'dziko limodzi Bolsheviks anatenga ngakhale pa Civil nkhondo. Koma kulankhula anthu anadza monyinyirika. Alimi anakokera kukhala m'dziko ndipo sanathe kumvetsa chifukwa kusamukira molimba anapeza malo mu "mphika wamba". Choncho, mizinda yambiri anapereka osauka, ndipo iye anali monyinyirika.

Chiyambireni cha NEP, collectivization ku Soviet Union ndayima kaye. Koma mu theka lachiwiri la 1920s, pamene lotsatira chipani msonkhano anaganiza industrialize, zinadziwika kuti anayenera ndalama zambiri. Tengani ngongole kunja palibe ankati - chifukwa posapita nthawi iwo kupatsa. Choncho tinaganiza kuti ndalama zofunika likuvutika wolowa kuphatikizapo mbewu. Chotero chuma kupopa ku ulimi akanangokhoza kukakamiza anthu wamba kugwira ntchito ndi boma. Ndi kumanga chachikulu cha mafakitale imafotokoza kuti mzinda kukopa anthu ogwira ntchito, zimene ayenera kudyetsedwa. Choncho, collectivization ku Soviet Union amavutika.

M'nyengo yozizira 1927-1928 ,. linaphulika tirigu mavuto zogula. Wamba, komanso zaka pang'ono, mofulumira palibe kutenga tirigu mitengo khobiri. Koma tsopano boma anaganiza kumana iwo mwa mphamvu ya zokolola. Anatengera mu January 1928 mwachibwana chofunika chipani kulanga wamba amene amagulitsa tirigu pa mitengo mkulu. Anayamba kumanga misa ndi kulandidwa mkate "speculators."

Pa mphamvu sikunalekere pamenepo. M'chaka cha chaka chomwecho, lamulo anapatsira umodzi ulimi. Adzakhala osachita minda gulu, anthu wamba wolemera alipire yabwino kuchuluka. Zimakhala ndi katundu wolemetsa, ndiponso kusonkhanitsa chikhalidwe, ndi chidziletso, misonkho, ndi mokakamizidwa muzimvetsera kwa ngongole zosiyanasiyana. Ndipotu, anali kale chiyambi cha collectivization: minda gulu anakakamizika kupita kudzera njira zachuma. alimi posachedwa olemera anataya ufulu kutenga ngongole ntchito ntchito ganyu ndi zipangizo zaulimi kugula.

kukakamiza

Komabe, njira zonsezi si zachititsa kuti kuchuluka kwa minda. Ngakhale kuti minda yatsopano zinalengedwa zinthu zabwino, alimi mofulumira palibe kupita kumeneko. Mu November 1929, Stalin ankanena kuti mu nkhani ya collectivization anayamba "wamkulu zinasintha", ndipo anthu akutsika mu chayamba minda gulu, iwo kwenikweni inkakhala% 6-7 yekha wa minda ya. Komanso, kuthamanga msonkho zinachititsa kuti alimi kanthu misa zina anazitsanulira mwa kugalukira achilengedwe.

Pambuyo mawu Stalin wonena za "munasintha" collectivization ku Soviet Union zolimira. Pamaso pa phwando utsogoleri wa Republic kukhazikitsa deadlines Poyera zomwe alimi onse m'chigawo anali pamodzi mu minda losonkhanitsidwa. Misa kulandidwa ndi kuchotsedwa kwa "kulaks" pamlingo chachikulu ndi Urals ndi Siberia anapita anthu ambiri omwe posachedwapa zinali zopambana makamu. Pansi cannibalization Komabe, anagwa osati wamba olemera, m'madera anthu ambiri inasanduka kuba banal. Nthawi zambiri, panali malipoti pamene olimbikitsa m'dera kumawakoka kuchokera kwake kumidzi, ngakhale mipando, ndi anakhomerera kapena prokulak ananena ndi anthu amene safuna kupita ku munda. Imeneyi, anthu a m'mudzimo anayamba kuthawa kwa mzinda, kugulitsa katundu wawo kanthu, kuti mwanjira kupulumuka.

mfundo zimenezi zinapangitsa kuwonjezeka mu chiwerengero ndi m'mphawi kuukira. Dziko linali pa zobvuta nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Only kupanda bungwe ndi osauka wamba zida analola Bolsheviks poopa kutsutsidwa lina lalikulu. N'kutheka afooketse awo ulamuliro, chifukwa iwo thandizo ulamuliro - asilikali - ambiri a iwo achokera m'mudzi. Mu March 1930, kukakamiza alimi anaganiza kuchepetsa. Gulu latsopano kulamulira, nkhaniyi lofalitsidwa pamaso Stalin "chizungulire ndi Kupambana" natsutsa amakakamizidwa pa kulowa kwa munda. Wamba anayamba kuchoka paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi anamuda kwa chuma chawo. Koma akubwerera kulibe. Anatuluka munda umene misonkho yoteroyo kuti atsogolere m'munda m'dziko si zotheka.

Zotsatira za collectivization

Ndi 1932 collectivization ku Soviet Union kwenikweni inatha. Ambiri mwa alimi ntchito m'mafamu losonkhanitsidwa. Ndi kokha pa ntchito yawo iwo analandira magawo ting'onoting'ono mbewu. Enawo ndi zimagulitsidwa. Zotsatira zake zinali yaikulu kuba chimanga mmunda, zimene latsopano malamulo operekedwa kwa zaka 10 kapena kuphedwa. Mapira Madera a USSR njala zinasokonekera. Mu Ukraine Mwachitsanzo, kufa mudzi wonse. Izo sizinali mu malo abwino kwambiri Chikazaki steppes, kumene workpiece ndi kukakamizidwa nyama.

Ndipotu collectivization zolinga akhala akwaniritsa. Mantha ndi kupondereza ndi njala wamba modzichepetsa ntchito ulimi pousinthanitsa ndi malipiro zochepa mu mtundu - otchedwa workdays. boma analandira ku mudzi wa zinthu zotiyenereza. Koma minda gulu sanatembenukire kukhala minda ogwira mtima, koma mosiyana, kukhala chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene zimachititsa mavuto a zachuma Soviet.