Munich mgwirizano mu 1938 - mwala kapena kulakwitsa? nkhani

M'dzinja tsiku pa okhala Adolf Hitler, German Chancellor Führerbau anasonkhana alendo olemekezeka. The chifukwa si yaitali kwambiri zokambirana anali otchedwa Munich mgwirizano (1938). Kusakhulupirika kapena kulakwitsa - unali chiyani? Kufikira tsopano, mbiri yakale ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana kukangana pa nkhani imeneyi, komanso oimira ndale za zofuna za boma la sayansi osiyana, aliyense wa iwo ananena. Akatswiri Western kopindulitsa aipereke kwa mtundu wina woyang'anira Daladier ndi Chamberlain. Chabwino, kukhulupilira anali kupitirira muyeso onse, ndi wonyenga Hitler kubera iwo. Koma zimene zinachitika? ndi bwino Munich mgwirizano mu 1938 chiyani? Kusakhulupirika kapena kulakwitsa? Kapena upandu?

Baibulo Western ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World

Utatha la Soviet Union, koma kale mu zaka otsiriza linakhalapo, mu dziko mabuku asilikali mbiri anaonekera kutchula koyamba za zochitika kwachinsinsi umene unachitika kuukira Hitler. Komanso, ndi maziko a amafuna kuti declassify m'malemba a sanali mokwiya ke yolembedwa ndi Molotov ndi Ribbentrop mu August 1939, momveka zokwanira limasonyeza cholinga mabuku awa anali kuti kugawanitsa chirema pakati Nazi Germany ndi Stalin USSR kwa mliri wa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Posakhalitsa, inagona kuseketsa anthu kwambiri. Anatsogolera pafupifupi ananena poyera za Soviet Union ndi Hitler udindo anali, kani, wosalakwa. Koma m'maiko ena a m'Bungwe la nkhondo, ndi iwo monga kukhala bwino pankhani imeneyi. France mwa anthu, chodabwitsa ya kusainira agonje Keitel, anagunda opambana. Britain, ngati walowa mu 1944 America, anatsogolera nkhondo yolungama chifukwa cha ufulu ndi demokalase. Poland mosavuta anagwa pansi ndi alimbane wa Red Army ndi Wehrmacht, kugunda kwa mbali ziwiri.

Ndiko kumasulira kwa zinthu, pachibwenzi tsiku la August 23, 1939. N'chifukwa chiyani naye? Chifukwa ngati mwanzeru sanatchule mapangano isanafike, Baibulo zikuwoneka kuja, zomveka bwino. Linali vuto Stalin. Chabwino, komabe, ndithudi, Hitler. Choncho, pang'ono. The kungoganizira lonse amayamba kutha, ngati ife kukumbukira zochitika za chaka chatha mosonyeza mgwirizano Munich mu 1938 Kusakhulupirika kapena kusokera izo zinali, mu nkhani iyi zilibe kanthu. Zofunika basi mfundo.

maziko anatulukira

Maumboni anali motere: mu Sudetenland, gawo la Czechoslovakia, a ku Germany ankakhala - zitatu ndi anthu miliyoni ndi theka. Pambali panali Czechs oposa khumi ndi mphamvu yokhala ndi mipanda yolimba mzere yodzitetezera, itatembenuzidwira Germany. Koma Czechoslovakia, dziko anali ndi ntchito imeneyi, makamaka zida zankhondo, ndipo ankaona m'njira zambiri, osati chosafunikira ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya zachitetezo. Ndipo zinthu zimenezi si zabwino kwambiri Hitler anaganiza perekani kwa Sudetenland pamodzi ndi zonse zimene zili mmenemo. Ndiyeno anakonza kugwila ndi onse Czechoslovakia, komabe za izo sanauze aliyense, pamene anasaina Munich mgwirizano 1938. Ndi zoona, izo sanauze aliyense. Choncho onse kunapezeka.

muyezo wa mphamvu

Chancellor German ntchito njira otchedwa pakati pa khadi osewera chonyenga. Iye anangoti iye anali wokonzeka kuti ntchito asilikali, akapanda kusiya Sudetenland mwamtendere ndi mwaufulu. Ndipotu, mwina zimenezi mu Nazi Germany sanali. Pa nthawi imeneyo, German yolimbikitsa angathe anali 37 zopatutsana ndi 36 Czech, koma kukafika kumadzulo kwa Ulamuliro wa Nazi ku nkhani iyi, anakhalabe mosadziteteza. Ziyenera adzanyamula kukumbukira kuti amanyansidwa bwino pa malamulo onse ankhondo, ndi tizilomboto ayenera osachepera chapamwamba atatu khola. A malinga Sudeten anali cholepheretsa. Ine ndinachita ichi Neville Chamberlain? Kapena nzeru British (amene British okha ndi kutikonda kwambiri Bukitsani) mphatso ya chakudya chake?

Kuwonjezera pa zoyerekeza n'zosangalatsa kumva parity ku Czechoslovakia mu chaka cha 1938, izo mwayi wa manja. Dziko unachitikira malo ake kutsogolera pa katundu wa nkhani chitetezo, ndipo akasinja (kenako anagwidwa ndi Germany) kudawerengedwa kwa kuchuluka kwambiri a magulu thanki German mu June 1941.

negotiators

States amene walemba sikapangano Munich, analephera kufika kunyengalera. Ku Germany - Adolf Hitler, ku Italy - Benito Mussolini. Ichi ndi mbali imodzi. Today ife tonse tikudziwa kuti mu mmasate mochedwa, anali m'mayikowa lopondereza ankhanza. Kenako mu 1938, komanso sanali chinsinsi. Ndipo pa ena, kuimira mphamvu za demokalase? Ku London anadza kwa Neville Chamberlain, ndi ku Paris - Edouard Daladier. Chirichonse! oimira Soviet anali afunsidwa, koma zimenezi si zodabwitsa. Zachilendo wina - anali sanayitanidwepo, komanso pulezidenti Czechoslovak Edvard Benes. Inde, pamene iye anali kuno ndi ine?

malo Poland

Mosakayikira, Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World - tsamba kwambiri oopsa mbiri ya Poland. Komabe, chaka pamaso kugwa kwake pozunzidwa mwankhanza wa Wehrmacht dziko lino linkakhala sasamala kulimbitsa malire yake - iye ngakhale anakwanitsa kukuza iwo! Chikadzangotha ntchito ya Sudetenland Germany, Poland kutsogoloku musankhepo kuti Prague, tanthauzo la zomwe ambiri mobwerezabwereza sikapangano Munich. Mwachidule akhoza kukonza monga lamulo kumasula Cieszyn dera. Kudikira yankho ndipo osasunthika asilikali awo m'derali, limene anthu mazana awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi atatu zikwi anali Zitsulo yosiyanasiyana. Kenako, Churchill adzaitana zimenezi "dyera afisi."

Against amene "chokondweretsa" Hitler

Akamanena za sikapangano Munich ndi losavuta: Britain ndi France anali kulamulidwa Czechoslovakia asintha Kupititsa pofuna kusangalatsa Hitler. Chamberlain, kufika ku London, anagwedeza chikalata lalembedwa ndi analonjeza mtendere wosatha. Monga momwe iye anali wodzipereka, anthu odalirika sadzamva kuzindikirike, koma nkhambakamwa za zimenezi. chakuti lonse zoyenda vekitala militarist proclivities Germany anatumizidwa ku East, ndipo nthawi zambiri wokhutitsidwa ndi andale kumadzulo. Ndikuyembekeza kuti fungo phindu, mtsogoleri Nazi kukhadzikika, kungakhale kwambiri zilizonse, ngakhale Chamberlain ndi Daladier. pranks Polish sanali manyazi pulezidenti French ndi nduna yaikulu ya dziko la Britain, ndi Hitler sanali ngofunika kwa iwo, podziwa kuti Mulimonsemo apeza osati dera Těšín. Koma Benito Mussolini, iye anabwera Munich kungoti "thandizo ena".

zotsatira

Germany lakwaniritsa cholinga chake. The Germany muli makampani zina zamakono ndi zida ndi akatswiri, zopangira m'munsi, ndi malire lotseguka, osati malinga mtengo, ndipo ambiri mankhwala okonzeka podziteteza - kuchokera mfuti (mamilioni) kwa akasinja, osati masiku ambiri, ndithudi, komanso Wehrmacht pamene iwo anali si bwino.

chogwidwa ndi kukonda dziko lako amaganiza ku Poland. Lingathe mafakitale dziko (makamaka zitsulo) imodzi chinawonjezeka ndi pafupifupi theka, ndipo izi zimatheka popanda kutaya chilichonse.

Czechoslovakia anataya kwambiri. Ndipo tsopano, si bwino chifukwa Benes zinthu mokhulupirika ndi sanapereke kuti zodziteteza. Koma panali munthu wina, ndi kuti palibe. Hitler panokha mwapindula kulimbitsa Sudeten, pozindikira kuti kuukira adzakhala juga. Field polimbana Keitel pa mayesero Nuremberg, amanena kuti Wehrmacht ankadabwa kupambana asilikali Czechoslovak mu 1938 pa ziriri pano ndiye. Ndipo ngati kanthu mlandu m'maiko wachitatu (France, Britain, ndi Soviet Union), nkhondoyi idzatha mofulumira akunde Germany. Koma izi zonse sizinachitike ...

Tanthauzo la mwai masiku ano

Choncho zimene anali sikapangano Munich mu 1938? "Kusakhulupirika, kapena kulakwitsa?" - funso limeneli sanali wofunika kwambiri tsopano, pambuyo pafupifupi kasanu zaka zambiri, ngati osati zina za zinthu malamulo. Nkhondo itatha, mapangano mayiko anamaliza lolamulira mfundo zipangizo European ndi padziko lonse. Pamene Soviet Union analipo, palibe wina analowa mutu wake kuti anene zotsatira za misonkhano ku Yalta ndi Potsdam, koma pambuyo 1991 panali zachilendo nkhondo malamulo. Mmodzi wa mapangano, otenga panjira, malo ake anatengedwa ndi wodziimira Russia, ndi mayeserowo kuti amuonetse ena amanenera, mwina wathu "abwenzi kumadzulo" analephera. Apa ndiye Ndinakumbukira za annexes chinsinsi 1939 chaka ndi zina insidiousness Iosifa Stalina. Koma za 1938 Munich kuiwalika. Mwina absentmindedly ...