Culture zaka Russia 10-13. Mtengo wa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity

Anapulumutsidwa kwa tsiku, magwero ndikuuzeni za peculiarities mapangidwe a boma, zimene zinali chikhalidwe cha Russia wakale. 10-13 atumwi, anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kukula kwa dera wauzimu wa dziko. Iyi inali nthawi ya mapangidwe ndi kuyanga wa feudalism. Culture la Russia unakhazikitsidwa pa maziko a kupambana a mafuko ndiye alipo ndi moyo kwa iwo Sarmatians ndi Asikuti. Inde, mizimu ya mtundu uliwonse ndi dera anali adzadziwire yake ndipo anali mchikakamizo cha limati oyandikana.

Chipembedzo chatsopano

N'zovuta Musaone kufunika kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity. Byzantium anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chitukuko cha moyo wauzimu wa anthu. Ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipembedzo latsopano 988, chaka amaphatikiza akale mwambo woyamba Greek chitukuko. Tikumbukenso kuti chitukuko cha dera wauzimu wa chikoka ndiponso Asilavo chikunja. Ngakhale chikhazikitso cha chikhulupiriro chatsopano, anapitiriza kukhalapo m'madera ambiri. Asilavo chikunja akuwonetseredwa mu pafupifupi onse muzochitika za moyo. Ndiyotani pakuchotsa zinachitika zokha. Komabe, anayesera kulimbitsa chikhulupiriro chatsopano, kuti izo Kufikika, pafupi kwa anthu, kuwafotokozera kufunika kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity. Mpingo anayamba kumanga pa kumadera makachisi inali kale. Choncho chikhulupiriro chatsopano atagonjetsa zinthu za deification zachilengedwe. Oyera ena amati ndi udindo wa milungu akale. Zochitika za moyo wauzimu wa Byzantium akhala linakonzedwanso ndipo analandira yeniyeni, mitundu mitundu. A iwo pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuumba chikhalidwe chatsopano cha Russia. "10-13 m'ma anapereka uthenga mwambo" - kotero analemba pambuyo Pushkin. Tisadalire yekha miyambo yake inayamba kale ndi miyambo yake, mabwana anatha kupanga malangizo zatsopano. Russia wandikhutiritsa chikhalidwe European, yatsopano, achilendo kokha mitundu ake akachisi, mafano kupenta, mtundu wa zojambula. Iwo ayenera Musasokonezeke ndi Byzantine, ngakhale ubale mwina chinenero zithunzi.

Mamangidwe a Ancient Russia

10-13 atumwi anali okulira pa chitukuko cha zomangamanga. Kwa nthawi yaitali dziko anali "matabwa". Nsanja, nyumba yopemphereramo, - onse anamanga nkhuni. Izi ambuye zinthu anafotokoza maganizo awo mofanana ndi ntchito yomanga kukongola kwa chilengedwe ozungulira. chikhalidwe lonse la Russia anayamba kusintha ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chipembedzo Byzantine. 10-13 atumwi inali nthawi ya kusintha kwa matabwa dongosolo mwala. Chotero chokuchitikirani panalibe kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, monga anthu mmenemo, nthawizonse anamanga mwala. Russian zomangamanga matabwa anali ankaikira milingo ambiri nyumba, pamaso pa outbuildings zosiyanasiyana, khonde, kusintha, waima, nsanja ndi nsanja. Zinali miyambo ndiponso kusema. Mchikakamizo cha Byzantine chikhalidwe chitukuko yomanga ali ukasintha anasintha Russia. 10-13 m'ma zinali zodzaza ndi kumanga mipingo pa chitsanzo cha mtanda mzikiti a kachisi Greek. The nyumba woyamba anamangidwa ku okhwima malinga miyambo Byzantine. Anamanga ku Kiev Saint Sophia Cathedral kale akuganizira osakaniza miyambo Russian ndi Greek. Maziko a mpingo mtanda ozungulira anavekedwa ndi mitu khumi ndi zitatu. Gawo Piramidi Council nakhalanso kalembedwe zomangamanga matabwa. Pachimake apamwamba anafika pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa zomangamanga Bogolyubsky.

maphunziro

Pa siteji zina za chitukuko cha anthu kunali koyenera kuti zikathandizire anthu atsopano a anthu ali akuya kwambiri. Kotero apo linalembedwa zaka 10-13. Mu Russia, ndithudi, anthu m'mbuyomu anali kufotokoza bwinobwino maganizo awo pa pepala. Koma Gona ndi zachuma akhala zovuta mapangidwe statehood lapansi. zinthu izi kuti chinali gawo lotsatira, anadutsa chikhalidwe cha Russia. 10-13 atumwi inali nthawi yovuta mu chitukuko cha zida ndi kulimbikitsa kulankhula maganizo, maganizo ndi chidziwitso mu mlengalenga, kuteteza ndi mayamwidwe wa mizimu. Panthawi imeneyi, zilembo lisanalengedwe. pakuwonekera kwake amagwirizana ndi mayina a Cyril ndi Methodius - Byzantine amishonale Chimonko. Komabe, akunena awiri zilembo - Chigilagoliti ndi Chisililiki. Kutsutsana za amene anabwera poyamba, anali motalika kokwanira. Lero anthu amati ndi kukhazikika chakuti zilembo Chigilagoliti analengedwa mu theka 2 wa m'zaka za m'ma 9, ndi zilembo za Chisililiki anatuluka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 9-10.

Buku loyamba

Chikoka makamaka pa moyo wauzimu wa anthu anali ndi mabuku a zaka 10-13. Mu Russia, ambiri a mabuku anawonongedwa pa Mongol nkhondo ndi moto zambiri. Total anapitiriza pafupifupi 150 zonse zinakhalapo kale. The wamkulu imatengedwa "Ostrom Gospel". Linalembedwa ndi Gregory dikoni mu 1057-mamita kwa Ostromir (Novgorod meya). A mkulu mlingo wa luso lomwe anadzazidwa ndi mabuku amene anafika nthawi yathu akulankhula za streamlined kupanga pamanja pofika m'zaka za m'ma 11, pa okhazikika bwino pa nthawi ya luso lawo drafting. Books zinalembedwa makamaka m'malo.

kulemba

Mu luso m'ma 12 rewriting kunditumiza ku mzinda. Maonekedwe m'midzi lalikulu "buku descriptor" akusonyeza kufala kwa kulemba mwa anthu. Zimasonyezanso kuwonjezeka kufunika mu mabuku. Wa 39 alembi amadziwika 15 okha mamembala a atsogoleri. The kuti ena amasonyeza amayanjana ndi mpingo. Komabe, ngakhale kufala kwa kulemba m'mizinda, likulu la buku anakhalabe mchitidwe umenewu umene zokambirana zapadera ntchito. Iwo anagwira ntchito magulu mpaka kalekale kukopera. Komanso, zokambirana izi ankachita kulemba Mbiri.

Russia Art

10-13 m'ma chinali ndi kukula kwa mphamvu, wawononga umodzi ndale ndi m'zigawozo dziko. Kutha kwa boma panali chifukwa cha amveke zigawo zazikulu, kutukula m'mizinda. Recent anakhala malo atsopano mbali osadalira pa dziko nafuna ufulu ndale. Kumasonyeza udindo wawo ndi mphamvu mizinda ambiri anakhala luso. 10-13 atumwi ku Russia anali yodziwika ndi mapangidwe chizindikiro cha zigawo za dziko. anapanga lagona pa mitundu makhalidwe m'dera ndi miyambo ya Kiev.

zithunzi

Luso lakale la Russia , kusanduka m'dera akale. Monga West ndi East, azimuth ichi chinali kwakukulukulu mpingo. Iwo refracted mwa prism nzeru za moyo wa Chikhristu, kusunga iconography. Ena mwa chizindikiro cha Vladimir-Suzdal ambuye kwa zaka za m'ma 12, ofanana mu sitayilo Kiev, olengedwa mwa atumwi 11. Ntchito izi Mwachitsanzo, m'nyimbozo elongated fano "Deesis" kuchokera Mfundo Cathedral. Ndi luso aluso Kiev chikugwirizana ndi otchuka Yaroslavl Orans. Ake yaikulu ndi otchuka chithunzi pafupi kufanana kwake Kiev Zithunzi. Yaroslavl Oranta chizindikiro akufanana ndi DM wapadera. Tesalonika. Iwo anabweretsedwa kuchokera Dmitrov. Chizindikiro ichi ndi chosiyana chosokonekera, nthawi zonse, ndi "sculptural" mawerengeredwe kuwala complexion.

nyimbo

A malo apadera moyo Russian anapatsidwa nyimbo ndi kuvina. Music limodzi ndi anthu a pa ntchito, mu ntchito, penshoni anali mbali ya zikondwerero ndi miyambo. otchuka pakati zida anali ng'oma (chophimba, maseche), mkuwa (lipenga la nyanga ya nkhosa, chitoliro, zhaleyka), zingwe (zeze). Pa frescoes wotchuka mu St. Sophia Cathedral amaonetsera oimba ndi ovina. Izo ziyenera kuti mlingo ndi ntchito zida zinali zosiyana. Machubu Mwachitsanzo, anachita monga kusonyeza njira kusaka. Maseche ndi zoimbira za zingwe ankagwiritsa ntchito yekha kapena oimba pa zikondwerero ndipo kusangalala. Mu ena amanena zikuoneka zokwanira oyambirira maonekedwe a nyimbo. Izi analimbikitsa kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity. Limodzi ndi kuimba nyimbo ya kulambira. Nkhaniyi inapitiriza mwapadera analemba mabuku kuimba. Chotero pamanja tsiku cha m'ma 12. Mwa iwo, kuwonjezera pa malemba mapemphero, palinso nyimbo kalembedwe "ngowe" ndi "mbendera".

Okhutira ndi njira kukula mwauzimu

Liwulo, tisaiwale kuti mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe ndondomeko mu Russia zinali zochokera luso wowerengeka. Iwo wakhala gwero ndi poyambira pa kukula mwauzimu anthu. Mu zikhalidwe za kugawikana ang'onoang'ono, kuukira akuwononga adani achilendo wa Russia anavumbula chosiyana chikhalidwe zilandiridwenso wa anthu. Iye asunga ndi ntchito za chitukuko cha dziko. Culture Russia amasonyeza kumverera kuwala ndichiyembekezo, iwo ukuchita monga mphamvu ya moyo-otsimikiza. Creative ntchito za anthu amene ankakhala mu nyengo ang'onoang'ono, yodziwika ndi:

• Otsimikiza kukhulupirira kuti ubwino ndithu asandiseke zoipa.
• Kukongola asilikali ndi ntchito anamanganso.
• Mkulu makhalidwe ndi otchuka.
• chikondi chosadzikonda Dziko lawo.
• Sizidzatha wabwino nthabwala.
• Nato ndakatulo.
• Tags kusankha zinthu zodabwitsa chikhalidwe moyo, lolondola ndi chidziletso ziwerengero zake.

makhalidwe onsewa lapadera anthu Russian mu maonekedwe ena ndi ena anasonyeza osati mabuku a akale Russia, komanso mafano, frescoes, zomangamanga, ndi nyimbo.

kulimbikitsa zinthu

Kukula kwa Russia 10-13 mu chikhalidwe. Izi zinasonyeza khalidwe izi zotsutsana nyengo ndi peculiarities. Amayambitsa njira zachuma, ndale komanso zimene zinachitika mu boma. njira A kupanga zomwe zinakhala dongosolo pamene ang'onoang'ono, yodziwika ndi conservatism ena kuthandiza magulu kupanga. Chifukwa yodziwika ndi kudzipatula chuma achilengedwe. Izo zinali m'malo bwino anayamba kuwombola. Zonsezi kubweza pansi pa chikhalidwe, zimalepheretsa mapangidwe peculiarities m'dera ndi miyambo. Chikoka makamaka pa moyo wauzimu wa anthu anali ndi kuwukira Chitata Mongol.

Pomaliza

Ndithudi, a kwambiri kuti chikhalidwe Russian anali predominance cha mfundo zachipembedzo. udindo A, makamaka oyambirira Ages Middle, a mpingo. Iye anathandiza kuti kufala kwa kulemba, kutukula luso, kusintha zomangamanga. Pa nthawi yomweyo mpingo mosamala ankachitira ndi kumbuyo chiphunzitso chawo. Iye anali adani zochita latsopano chikhalidwe. Mpingo unakhazikitsidwa ndi chopinga chitukuko cha sayansi, kusintha kwa chidziwitso ndi luso. Komabe, zomwe chikhalidwe akale Russia ndi mfundo zofunika za boma. Iwo ali mbali ya dziko cholowa, ukulu ndi ulemerero wa anthu.