Russian ofufuza ndi apaulendo kwa zaka za m'ma 19. Major atulukira Hrs

ofufuza Russian ndi apaulendo kwa zaka za m'ma 19 anapanga angapo atulukira kwambiri, omwe anakhala katundu osati Russian komanso yachilendo, dziko la sayansi. Komanso, iwo apanga chopereka kwambiri kuti chitukuko cha chidziwitso m'deralo ndipo mwachita kwambiri kulimbikitsa pophunzitsa ogwira watsopano chitukuko cha kafukufuku m'madzi.

prerequisites

ofufuza Russian ndi apaulendo kwa zaka za m'ma 19 anagwira anatulukira pa makamaka chifukwa m'nthawi ino anatsindika kufunika kufufuza zamalonda latsopano ndi mwayi kuthandiza asapita la Russia ndi mayiko ena. Kumapeto kwa XVIII - oyambirira XIX atumwi, dziko lathu potsiriza anagwirizana udindo wake m'bwalo lonse monga dziko lonse lapansi. Mwachibadwa, makonzedwe zatsopano kukodzedwa malo ake geopolitical, yomwe inkafuna maphunziro atsopano a nyanja, zilumba ndi malire a nyanja kumangira madoko, sitima ndi malonda ndi maiko akunja.

ofufuza Russian ndi apaulendo kwa zaka za m'ma 19 unachitika monga oyendetsa luso ndi pa nthawi kwambiri pamene dziko lathu kupeza nyanja ziwiri: Baltic ndi Black. Ndipo palibe mwangozi. Izi anatsegula mwayi kufufuza m'madzi ndipo linapereka kwa kumanga ndi chitukuko cha fleets, zochita apanyanja ambiri. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pa zaka loyamba la ofufuza ankaona m'ma Russian ndi apaulendo kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ikuchitika angapo kufufuza kwambiri, zomwe kwambiri Polemeretsedwa ndi Russian sayansi lawolawo.

Plan dziko ulendo

ntchito unapangidwa zikomo zotheka mu mbali bwino ntchito asilikali m'dziko lathu m'zaka XVIII mochedwa. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Russia ndi mwayi kumanga zombo ake mu Nyanja Black amene, ndithudi, anali kulimbikitsa seamanship. amalinyero Russian pa nthawi imeneyi kwambiri kuona kuti kugona zamalonda yabwino. Izi kwambiri ntchito chifukwa chakuti dziko lathu umachitika mu North America Alaska. Popeza Kunalinso kofunika kukhala okhazikika ndi kukhala mogwirizana zachuma.

NGATI Kruzenshtern m'zaka XVIII mochedwa, iye ndi dongosolo ulendo dziko. Komabe, pamene iye anali atakanidwa. Koma zaka zingapo pambuyo pa ulamuliro wa Alexander Ine, boma la Russia wasonyeza chidwi ndi dongosolo anagonjera. Iye anatilola.

maphunziro

NGATI Kruzenshtern anachokera ku banja mfulu. Iye anaphunzira pa Kronstadt panyanja Corps ndi kukhala wophunzira wake, anatenga mbali mu nkhondo Sweden, pamene atatsimikizira akudziwa bwino. Kenako anatumidwa maphunziro England, kumene maphunziro kwambiri. Atabwerera ku Russia anapereka dongosolo kwa ulendo dziko. Atalandira azikondedwa mosamalitsa iye, iye anagula zida zabwino ndi zombo okonzeka.

wothandizira lake lapamtima Pankhaniyi anali bwenzi lake Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky. Ndi iye ankathandiza kumbuyo mu Cadet Corps. Aliyense komanso watsimikizira ngati luso panyanja kapitawo pa Chirasha Swedish nkhondo ya zaka 1788-1790. Kale kitted kunja posachedwa awiri zombo pansi mayina a "Neva" ndi "Hope". Mlandu komaliza, werengani Nikolai Rezanov, anapanga wotchuka ndi sewero la wotchuka thanthwe. Maulendowa anayamba kupalasa mu 1803. cholinga chake chinali kufufuza ndi kuona kuthekera otseguka zamalonda yatsopano ku Russia kuti China ndi ku gombe la gawo North America.

kusambira

ofufuza Russian anamaliza Cape Horn, natuluka mu Pacific Ocean, amakhala wogawanika. Yuriy Fodorovich Lisyansky anatsogolera chombo ake kugombe North America, amene anapulumutsa analanda Indians malonda Russian mzinda wa Novo-Arkhangelsk. Paulendo uwu iyenso unachitikira kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya navigation, chilikupita sitima kuzungulira South Africa.

Sitimayo "Hope" kutsogoleredwa ndi Kruzenshtern anayamba kupalasa mu nyanja ya Japan. Mtengo wa kafukufuku izi kuti bwino kufufuza kugombe la Sakhalin Island, ndipo anasintha kwambiri mapu. Komabe, waukulu cholinga cha ulendo anali kufufuza m'kamwa mwa Amur mtsinje zimene kalekale chidwi utsogoleri wa Pacific zombo. Kruzenshtern analowa Amur estuary, ndiye, onani kugombe la Kamchatka, iye anabwerera kwawo.

Kruzenshtern chopereka kwa sayansi

ofufuza Russian patsogolo kwambiri Russian sayansi Hrs ndi kubweretsa izo kwa mlingo lonse chitukuko. ulendo uwu wakhala chidwi cha anthu ambiri. Pakutha pa maulendo onse analemba mabuku amene zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo anali kuperekedwa. Kruzenshtern lofalitsidwa "Padziko Lonse", koma zofunika kwambiri adzamasulidwa ndi Buku la mapu ntchito hydrographic. Iye anadzaza mawanga ambiri woyera pa mapu, tinkachita phunziro lofunika mwa nyanja ndipo nyanja. Choncho, kuphunzira ndi kuthamanga kutentha madzi, mafunde madzi, mafunde.

ntchito panja

ntchito yake wotsatira wakhala kumagwirizana ndi sitima Corps, kumene udzadutsemo Woyang'anira. Kenako, panali chiphunzitso, ndiyeno zonse walunjika izo. Malinga chongoganiza, mkulu Apamwamba Makalasi. M'tsogolo, anasintha ndi Naval Academy. Kruzenshtern anayambitsa khalidwe latsopano mu ndondomeko maphunziro. Izi kwambiri kuchuluka kaphunzitsidwe seamanship.

Komanso, anathandiza kupangitsa maulendo ena, makamaka kuti magawowa zolinga za wina wofufuza otchuka O. Kotzebue. Krusenstern nawo chilengedwe cha wotchuka Russian Society Geographical, amene amayembekezeka zatenga ndi udindo waukulu osati Russia komanso dziko la sayansi. La zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha madera anali atatulutsa iwo "Atlas South Sea".

Kukonzekera kwa ulendo watsopano

Kruzenshtern patatha zaka zochepa ulendo wake analimbikira kuphunzira mokwanira za M'madera a zitunda kum'mwera. Iye akufuna kuti akonzekeretse maulendo awiri kuti North ndi South mitengo yonyamulira ya zombo ziwiri lililonse. Isanafike kuyenda panyanja imeneyi J. Cook pafupifupi anabwera pafupi Antarctica, koma kupewedwa kupita pa ayezi. Ndiye apaulendo wotchuka adati Africa chimodzi kapena kulibe kapena si Kufikika kwa iye.

Mu 1819, boma la Russia waganiza chovala ndi squadron latsopano kusambira. Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen, pambuyo angapo kuchedwa anasankhidwa mkulu wake. Anaganiza kumanga zombo ziwiri: "Mtendere" ndi "East". Choyamba zinalengedwa ndi Russian asayansi dongosolo. Iye cholimba ndi madzi. Komabe, wachiwiri anamanga ku UK, anali wolimba zochepa, kotero kuti adalibe nthawi remodel, kumanganso ndi kukonza. Kukonzekera ndi kumanga anatsogolera Mikhail Lazarev, amene anadandaula za kusatsatira ziwiya ziwiri.

Travel kum'mwera

Maulendowa latsopano nyamukani mu 1819. Iye anafikira Brazil ndi skirting kumtunda, anapita Sandvicheskim zilumba. Mu January 1820 Russian ulendo anapeza Africa chimodzi - Antarctica. Pa ayendetsa padziko anatulukira ndipo anafotokoza zilumba zambiri. Pakati pa atulukira zofunika kwambiri angatchedwe chilumba cha Peter Ine, Alexander I. Coast kuti malongosoledwe kofunika magombe, komanso zina zachidule nyama anawona pa Africa latsopano, Faddey Faddeevich Bellinsgauzen tidapita kumbuyo.

Pa maulendowa, kuwonjezera kwa kudziwika Antarctica anali apeza zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, ophunzira anapeza kuti Earth Sandwich - ndi zilumba lonse. Komanso, anafotokoza chilumba cha South Georgia. Wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi zokhudza kontinenti latsopano. Mikhail Lazarev ndi Sitima wake ndi mwayi penyani bwino m'dziko, kotero anapezazo ndi zopindulitsa sayansi.

kutanthauza atulukira

Ulendo wa zaka 1819-1821 unali wofunika kwambiri kwa zintchito dziko ndi dziko. Kutsegula kwa latsopano Africa, chimodzi, anatembenuka ndi lingaliro la madera a Dziko Lapansi. apaulendo awiriwa linatulutsa zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo mabuku awiri ndi bafuta ntchito ndi malangizo kutero. Paulendo akhala anafotokoza za makumi atatu zilumba, anapanga zojambula zazikulu za mitundu ku Antarctica ndi zachilengedwe zake. Komanso, mamembala a ulendo anasonkhana wapadera ethnographic zosonkhanitsira, amene akukhala pa University Kazan.

zinthu zina

Bellingshausen kenako anapitiriza ntchito yake panyanja. Iye anakhala nawo Chirasha Turkey nkhondo 1828-1829, mu lamulo la Baltic zombo, ndipo kenako anasankhidwa kukhala kazembe wa Kronstadt. Chizindikiro cha kuzindikiridwa kwa ntchito zake n'zakuti kuti chikutchedwa mndandanda wa zinthu linalake. Choyamba, tiyenera kutchula nyanja ku Pacific Ocean.

Lazarev komanso yagoletsa pambuyo ulendo wake wotchuka ku Antarctica. Anaikidwa mkulu wa maulendowa kuti kugombe la Russian America Chitetezo cha ozembetsa chimene bwinobwino ndipo anatha. Kenako analamula Black Sea zombo, nawo Nkhondo ya Navarino, imene anapata mphoto zingapo. Choncho, ofufuza lalikulu la Russia anapanga zopereka zake yapadera chitukuko cha madera.