Amir Temur - mkulu chachikulu; mbiri, chidwi mfundo

Mmodzi wa umunthu wotchuka m'mbiri ya dziko ali amir Temur - lalikulu mkulu ndi boma chithunzi cha Ages Middle. Iye ankatchedwa mosiyana - Opunduka Timur, Tamerlane, Timur Gurgan, koma kulikonse dzina la anagonjetsedwa ndi kutchulidwa mantha. anthu onse anauziridwa mantha amir Temur - mkulu kwambiri. Wambiri ya mtsogoleri wolamulira ndi asilikali ukhala mutu wa nkhani yathuyi.

mbadwo

Choyamba, tiyeni tipeze pedigree kwa mgonjetsi. Makolo amir Temur anachokera m'fuko Mongol Barlas, imene pa nthawi ya kubadwa kwake zimadalira otyurchilos. Amaona kuti kukhala kholo la Baralutaya mwana Hachiu.

Chachikulu Mongol nkhondoyo ndithu gawo Barlasov anasamukira ku Central Asia, ndi mbali ya Chagatai ulus, gawo limodzi la ufumu wodzipereka kwa mwana wa Genghis Khan, Chagatai ndi ana ake. Barlas kwakukulukulu anatengera chikhalidwe am'deralo, ngakhale anapitiriza mbali yaikulu ya miyambo yawo. chinenero chawo chimalankhulidwa anali otchedwa chinenero Chagatai, ndiwo mtundu wa chinenero starouygurskogo Turkic. Ndi nthawi ya kubadwa kwa Timur Barlas Sichinatsitsidwe ankasangalala kulankhula Mongolian.

Atate Temur anali Muhamed Taragay, wosalabadira ang'onoang'ono mbuye, amene anachokera Karachar Noyon, amene anali dzanja lamanja la Chagatai. Mayi wa mkulu m'tsogolo Tekin Khatun. Ku ukwati, koma Temur anali ndi ana atatu - Alim Sheikh, Juki ndi Suyurgatmysh ndi mwana Qutlugh Turkan. Kenako Taragay ophatikizana ukwati chachiwiri ndi Kadak Khatun, amene anabadwa mwana wa Shirikov Muzipemphera.

Motero, kuzindikira zinthu mu bwino European terminology kwa ife, tikhoza kunena kuti Temur kubanja yaing'ono mfulu.

Zimene zikuchitika ku boma Chagatai

Kumene, amir Temur - lalikulu lankhondo mtsogoleri wake yonena ladzala ndi chidwi mfundo, koma Musanayambe phunziro izo, ayenera kuphunzira zambiri za mkhalidwe wa boma Chagatai, malo tsogolo wogonjetsa.

Ndi nthawi ya kubadwa kwa Tamerlane Chagatai ulus ndi boma amorphous, imene mphamvu Khan anali ofooka. The nyengo yodziŵika ndi chipwirikiti cha ndale mu dziko ndi internecine nkhondo. Nthawi zambiri, olamulira anafa imfa yoipa. Iwo amasintha pa mpando wachifumu wakhala pafupipafupi ndithu. Zoyesayesa za ena oimira Chagatai mafumu mphamvu yake alimbikitse ndi kugwira zotsatira kuyembekezera kusintha kasamalidwe sanapatsidwe.

Pomaliza, mu 1346, pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa Timur, Genghis Khan mafumu kuugwira pa Mawarannahr (mitsinje Amu Darya ndi Syr Darya). Chagatai amatha kusunga mphamvu yekha mu Mitsinje Zisanu ndi ziwiri, amene panopa amatchedwa ndi Mogolistanom. Choncho, 1346 ndi ulus Chagatai unagawidwa pawiri.

Mu dera la kumadzulo (Maurya) anakhazikitsa Kazagan kupha yovomerezeka wolamulira Kazan Khan. Iye sanali Genghisides, choncho sangakhale kuvomereza udindo Khan a. Iye anatenga mutu wa Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu ndi malamulo m'malo mwa nominee Khans wa Chagatai mafumu. Mu 1358 Kazagan anaphedwa wolamulira Mogolistan Tughlugh Timur amabwera kwa mwana wake malamulo. Pambuyo pa kupha mwana wake Kazagana Abdullah, amene analamulira nthawi yochepa, Maurya chimakwirira chisokonezo. Dziko adzabwere Chagataidov Toluca Timur mzinda.

Apa mu chilengedwe anabwera powonekera andale a amir Temur - mkulu kwambiri. Wambiri mwa munthu uyu wakhala mbali imodzi zimenezi.

Kubadwa ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka

Tsopano tiyeni tifufuze ndi kumene amir Temur anabadwa. Tsogolo mgonjetsi monga mmene tafotokozera pamwambapa, anabadwa mu banja la Muhammad Taragay. Zimenezi zinachitika mu April 1336 m'mudzi wa Khodja-Ilgar, umene uli pafupi Kesh (Shakhrisabz tsopano Uzbekistan). Mu malo awa anakhala ubwana wake amir Temur. Wambiri ake oyambirira zaka za moyo ndi pafupifupi osadziwika, koma ena amanena zikuonekeratu kuti kuyambira zaka Tamerlane ankakonda kusaka, ndi 10 anayamba utumiki wa kunachitika nkhondo maphunziro kuyang'aniridwa ndi katswiri alangizi zaka.

Mu 1356, anakwatira mdzukulu wa Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu Kazagana - Uldjai-Turkan. Mu chaka chomwecho mwana wawo woyamba anabadwa - Jahangir.

Pamene adzagonjetse anali ndi zaka 25, mu 1361 bambo ake anamwalira. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, dzina la Temur limapezeka Mbiri.

nthawi kuyendayenda

Poyamba zilipo Temur anali kagulu ka asilikali anatengedwa ndi iyeyo. Pa mutu wa detachment izi Tamerlane anayamba kutumikira Togluk-Temur, anagonjetsa mu 1360 Maurya. Iye anapanga Timur wolamulira wa m'madera a mafuko a padziko Kesh. Koma zitapita zaka ziwiri Tughlugh Timur anakakamizika kuchoka m'dziko, monga zachiwawa inayamba mu Mogolistane. wachiwiri wake, iye anasiya mwana wake Ilyas Khoja.

Posachedwa Ilyas Khoja anaganiza Temur kuthetsa ku amchigulu, ngakhale kuwapha, ngati nkotheka. Atamva izi, Tamerlane chitaya utumiki ndi kufupi ndi mbale wa mlongo wake - Hussein, mdzukulu wa Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu Kazaganu. Iwo, ndi pamaso kuti panali ndithu ubwenzi wabwino, koma 1360 msewu Timur ndi Hussein kulekanitsidwa. Adachoka woyamba mu utumiki wa Mogolistan Khan ndi ena anasankha kulimbana. Koma Hussein ali wogonjetsedwa ndi kuthamangila kwa Balkh, imene malamulo Kabul.

Tsopano Timur ndi Hussein anakhala lankhondo. ukwati wawo wakula mu ubale magazi. Zapakati pa 1361 ndi 1364 inali nthawi akungoyendayenda ndi akumenyana Mughals. Anzake ndi ankadziwa chimwemwe cha chigonjetso ndi kuwawa kwa kugonja. Iwo anali mu utumiki wa olamulira ambiri, osati ndikuiwala zolinga zake zikuluzikulu pa nthawi yomweyo. Ngakhale mu ukapolo pa nthawi ino ndinkamuchezera amir Temur. Wambiri ya m'tsogolo mtsogoleri wotchuka ananena kuti limodzi la nkhondo ya nthawi kuti anavulazidwa mwendo, chifukwa cha zimene zinatsalira wolumala kwa moyo. N'chifukwa chake ankatchedwa Temur Liang, kutanthauza Hromets, kapena m'njira European - Tamerlane.

The kugonjetsa Mughals

Pomaliza, Hussein anatha kumvanso mzinda wa Balkh. Atamwalira Tughlugh Timur Timur ndi Hussein anakwanitsa adzawathamangitsa mwana wake Ilyas Khoja wa Maverannahr. Iwo kupambana Mughals kunkhondo zikuluzikulu pa Stone Bridge (1363), ndipo adawapitikitsa iwo ku dziko. Hussein amakhala Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu wa Samarkand. Koma mu 1365 chifukwa chokayikakayika a Saddam ogwirizana agonjetsedwa ndi Ilyas Khoja m'matope nkhondo ndi kuti achoke mumzindawo. Serbedars chiwembu mu 1366, osiyana ndi Mughals, kulola adzapezanso mphamvu m'deralo Hussein ndi Temur.

Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu wa Samarkand wapamwamba wolamulira Maverannahr Hussein nayambanso, ndi Temur - yekha mkulu wachiŵiri. Zimenezi wafunsira ndi mng'alu mu ankaoneka ubwenzi wolimba ngati Temur anapezeka mosatsata gulu la mphamvu.

polimbana Hussein

Pomaliza yopuma mgwirizano pakati pa Timur ndi Hussein zinachitika mu 1367 pambuyo pa imfa ya mkazi wake ndi mlongo wa oyamba wachiwiri kwa iwo - Uldjai-Turkan.

The nkhondo pakati pa iwo anakulira. Dziwani kuti chifukwa zochita wololera ndi woganiza Temur yonena pakati pa anthu ndi pamaso pa asilikali unakula kwambiri. Koma malo a Saddam isungunuke. Kuyambira anayamba kutenga asilikali zambiri msasa, lomwe limayendetsa ndi amir Temur. The yonena za mkulu uyu yatsegula mutu watsopano wake.

Temur pakati Hussein ndi 1367 kuti 1370 anayamba asamenyane lotseguka, anali kumenyana. Panali nthawi pamene asilikali tinayanjanitsidwa ndi ogwirizana anakhala, koma asapita ukalamba fraternal sanalinso pakati pawo. Mu 1370, ku nkhondo ya Balkh, Temur anagonjetsa Hussein. Amir Samarkand analandidwa ndipo anaphedwa pa pempho la anzake Tamerlane, ngakhale kuti anali wofunitsitsa kukhulupirira, kupulumutsa moyo wa mnzanu zake zakale.

Temur anakwatira mkazi Hussein Saray-mulk, amene anali mwana wa mkulu otsiriza yovomerezeka Kazan Chagatai Khan. Choncho Tamerlan kuyandikana ndi nyumba ya Genghis Khan. Kenako anatenga kunyada mwa asilikaliwa Gurgan dzina, lomwe limatanthauza "Mwana-wa-Khan." ukwati wavomereza zoti zonena zake mphamvu m'chigawo.

Velikiy amir

Atamwalira Hussein anali anasonkhana Kurultai, limene kusankha pa chilengezo cha Tamerlane Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu Turan (monga linadzatchedwa State). Monga kuloŵedwa m'malo, izo sanamvere mutu Khan, amene amaloledwa kuvala chabe Genghisides cholowa. Khan anasankhidwa mwana wa Kazan Khan, m'bale wa mkazi atamwalira Tamerlane, Suyugartmysh. Koma aliyense anadziwa amene anali ndi mphamvu yakuuka. Real ntongi akhali amir Temur - mkulu kwambiri. Wambiri cha munthu m'tsogolo wakhala kugwirizana ndi kulimbitsa ndi kukula kwa uliri.

likulu lawo, komanso Hussein, Tamerlane anapanga mzinda wakale wa Samarkand. Iye chokongoletsedwa izo munjira ina iliyonse, chinathandiza chitukuko cha sayansi. Kale mu zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa Temur anali mulimbitse mkhalidwe mphamvu mu dziko mpaka ndiye munkachitika nkhondo. Tsopano iye akanakhoza kuchita chikalata chimene anatchuka kwambiri padziko lonse - adzagonjetsa kwambiri.

adzagonjetsa Tamerlane

Sikokwanira kunena kuti amir Temur - mkulu kwambiri. Munthu uyu - mmodzi wa atsogoleli ampamvu lankhondo la nthawi zonse. Iye anatha kulenga ufumu waukulu, umene kukula si kwambiri wolephera Mphamvu ya Genghis Khan.

ntchito kunja ndale Timur anali kwambiri. Iye ankapitapitanso kwa Mogolistan ndipo m'kupita kwenikweni anapambana izo. kasanu kutumiza asilikali Khorezm, zomwe zinachititsa kuti inalowa ake ufumuwo.

Mu 80 ntchentche za m'ma XIV Temur anakwanitsa pogonjetsa dera lonse la Iran. Chifukwa mavuto Tamerlane, ndi Blue gulu anayamba kulamulira Tokhtamysh. Kenako anatha kupeza kufalikira mu Golden gulu. Koma, kumverera amphamvu kwambiri, Tokhtamysh anaganiza payekha osadalira woyang'anira ake amphamvu. Izi zinachititsa kuti nkhondo yaitali pakati pa Khan wa Golden gulu ndi Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu wa Turan. Temur anapanga kampeni atatu adzatsutsana Tokhtamysh. M'kupita kwa Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu wotsiriza wa iwo ngakhale atalanda dera la Russia, n'kosakhudzana ndi kuwonongedwa m'matauni ena m'deralo. M'kupita Tokhtamysh unachotsedwa ndipo malo ake anaikidwa Khan Timur Qutlugh - ndi protege watsopano Tamerlane.

Chimodzi mwa kupambana wamkulu wa Timur anali Nkhondo ya Ankara, komwe mu 1402 anagonjetsa wogonjetsa china chachikulu - Ottoman Sultan Bayezid - n'kupita naye mkaidi.

Komanso, Tamerlane anapanga nambala ya ntchito bwino India, ndipo pa mapeto a moyo wake anayamba ulendo wopita ku China, koma imfa anafupikitsa mapulani ake kugonjetsa China.

imfa Temur

Tamerlane Anamwalira kumayambiriro 1405 pa msinkhu wa zaka 68, pamene gulu la kampeni ndi China, mu mzinda wa Otrar. thupi lake chinaperekedwa balzamirovke ndi kuwapititsa ku likulu la ufumuwo - Samarkand.

Kenako tawuni ino inamangidwa ndi ana a Tamerlane Gur Mtsogoleri wina wa Aarabu mausoleum kumene anaikidwa amir Temur - mkulu kwambiri. Photos manda Tingaone pamwamba.

cholowa

Amir Temur analenga munthu wa maufumu chachikulu munthawi zonse. m'gawo lake linayambira ku malire a India ndi China kum'mawa kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean kumadzulo, ku nyanja ya Indian kummwera kwa ku Russia kumpoto. Koma ana ndi adzukulu sangathe kupulumutsa mphamvu bambo ake. Pakati pawo kunabuka internecine nkhondo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kugwa kwa ufumuwo. Kugwa chomaliza cha mphamvu Timurids zinachitika nkhondo kuchokera kumpoto woyendayendawu Uzbeks.

Koma wina mwa ana a Tamerlane - Babur - anali tate wa boma china champhamvu, chimene, mosiyana ndi ulendo, amene kwa zaka zambiri. boma anakhala Ufumu wa Great Moguls ku India.

mfundo zosangalatsa

Tiyeni tione mfundo chidwi ndi moyo wa amir Temur.

Amadziwika kuti unyamata wake anali mu ukapolo pamodzi ndi mchemwali wa Hussein Chitekimeni warlords. Iwo anafuna kuti ogulitsidwa monga akapolo. Only kupembedzera m'bale wake wa mkulu Timur ndi Hussein anawamasula.

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu za Tamerlane ankasewera shatranj, amene ankaona kholo la Chess ano.

mbali

Kumene, zimakhala zovuta kupereka malongosoledwe wodzala wotero zogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, omwe anali amir Temur. Mwachidule yonena salola kuti achite izo chathunthu. Komabe, tidziwa kuti Tamerlan chidwi osati chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi khalidwe la amchigulu, koma odzipereka kwambiri nthawi sayansi ndi luso.

Kumene, amir Temur anali mmodzi wa umunthu yowala a m'nthawi yake. Zinali wamphamvu wofuna komanso wakhama munthu amene, chifukwa cha wachikoka zosaneneka ndi nzeru zapadera, anatha kulenga ufumu wamkulu.