Piramidi ya Farao Joser (chithunzi)

Nyumba zomwe zimamangidwa patsogolo pathu sitingathe kukopa chidwi cha umunthu wamakono. Nyumba yakale kwambiri ya nyumbayi ndi piramidi yowonongeka, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi mboni Imhotep. Chozizwitsa chimenechi chinalengedwa m'zaka za m'ma 27 BC ndipo chinapereka gawo lothandizira pa phunziro limodzi la zitukuko zakale kwambiri. Kodi nchiyani chomwe chimadziwika za zomangamanga, zomwe zinakhala manda a Farao Joser? Kodi nthano ndi zowona zimakhudzana ndi chiyani?

Khwimbi Piramidi - ndi chiyani?

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale adatha kuzindikira kuti poyamba Mkonzi Imhotep ankafuna kukhazikitsa manda achikumbutso. Komabe, pamene adagwira ntchito, munthu uyu adapanga kusintha kwa polojekiti yake, zotsatira za mapiramidi omwe anali ndi magawo 6. Dzina la nyumbayi linachokera ku mawonekedwe omwe adapeza.

Nchifukwa chiani Imhotep nthawi ina adaima ndendende? Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti chosankha chake chimachokera ku tanthauzo lachinsinsi, zomwe zimakhala zitsanzo zamakono akale. Masitepewo akuyimira kukwera kumwamba, komwe pambuyo pake imfa idzapangidwe ndi wolamulira wamphamvu wa Igupto.

Piramidi yachitsulo ndizomwe mungakondwere osati m'mayiko a Africa okha. Zosungidwa bwino za nyumbayi, yomwe ili ku Central America. Komabe, manda a Farao Joser anakhala oyamba ndipo amakhalabe apadera.

Malo

Chikoka chakale chimakopa alendo ambirimbiri, omwe ali ndi chidwi chofikira komweko. Piramidi yowonongeka, yomwe imamangidwa ndi Imhotep, ili mu "mtima" wa malo osungirako malo a Sakkar. Kuwonjezera pa nyumba yotchuka yomwe ili m'dera la necropolis, mungapeze akachisi ambiri ndi manda. Pafupifupi 30 km kuchokera ku Saqqara ndi mzinda wa Egypt wa El-Giza.

Piramidi yodutsa ya Farao Joser inali yotetezeka m'mphepete mwa phirilo. Malo a kukongola kwakukulu anasankhidwa ndi Mlengi wake osati mwadzidzidzi. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti Imhotep anali wokondwa kwambiri ndi Memphis. Chochititsa chidwi, asanamangidwe, manda a Aigupto a mafumuwa anali m'mudzi, womwe unkatchedwa Abydos.

Kufika ku Sakkara ndibwino kwambiri, polembera paulendo, ngati oyendayenda sasokonezedwe ndi nthawi yochepa.

Nchiyani chomwe chimadziwika ponena za opanga mapiramidi?

Piramidi yomwe inadutsa ya Farao Djoser inaphonya mfumu ya Aigupto, palibe chodabwitsa chomwe sichinasinthe pazaka za ulamuliro wake. Kosatha kunapita mu mbiriyakale ndi Mlengi wa dongosolo lapadera - Osamveka. Munthu uyu anali sayansi yadziko lonse, anatumikira monga mtumiki wa wolamulira wa Igupto.

Imhotep adatha kukhala wokonza zomangamanga woyamba, yemwe dzina lake linajambula pazithunzi za mfumu, amatchulidwa mu malo osungirako ndalama. Mbiri siinakhazikitse zaka za moyo wa munthu uyu, kapena malo ake a kuikidwa m'manda. Atachoka m'dziko lino, womanga nyumbayo anali wovomerezeka, ndipo nthawi yambiri adamuyesa mulungu wa mankhwala. Pali nyumba zachipembedzo zakale zomwe zimatchedwa Imhotep, nthawi zakale zinkakopa odwala omwe anapempherera machiritso. Chojambula chojambula chojambulachi chikupezeka pakati pa ziwonetsero za Louvre.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mwala

Piramidi yowonongeka ya Djoser ku Sakkara ndiyo yomanga nyumbayi ku Egypt, yomwe idamangidwa ndi mwala. Asanakhalepo ana a Imhotep, manda onse anamangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njerwa zakuda. Ambiri mwa iwo adatayika kale tisanakhalepo, popeza nkhaniyi siidali yoyenera.

Komabe, musamakhulupirire mwakachetechete akutsogolera omwe akutsindika kuti iyi ndiyi yokha yomanga miyala yaikulu padziko lapansi. Poyamba, a Barnen a ku France anamangidwa, malinga ndi ofufuza, zaka zake zoposa zaka zikwi zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Miyeso yomanga

Chodabwitsa n'chakuti piramidi yopita ku Sakkara inamangidwa pang'onopang'ono 4, yomwe inakhalanso mbiri yakale m'dziko lonse la Egypt. Ngakhale kuti dzikoli likugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano, n'zosavuta kufufuza malo onse akumanga ngakhale tsopano. Izi ndizotheka chifukwa cha zojambula zosiyanasiyana, makonzedwe a makamera ndi tunnel.

Mbiri ya zomangamangayi inayamba ndi kumangidwa kwa manda achimake. Monga tanena kale, mfundo zake zinali mwala. Komabe, zotsatira zake sizinagwirizane ndi farao wa Aigupto. Monga momwe ochita kafukufuku ananenera, vuto linali kukula kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe kake. Gawo lachiwiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mapangidwe ang'onoting'ono m'litali ndi m'lifupi.

Piramidi yachitsulo - ichi ndi chomwe chimamanga gawo lachitatu. Anapanganso zinthu zina zitatu, ndipo potsiriza amakhala ndi matayala anayi. Farao anapitirizabe kusasangalala, choncho mandawo anawonjezeredwa, naphatikizapo magawo awiri apamwamba. Kugwiritsa ntchito njerwa yaiwisi, Aigupto sakanatha kuchita izi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito mwala pambuyo pomanga piramidi ku Saqqara kwasintha.

Zambiri zamakono

Kutalika kwa piramidi yazitsulo zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi pafupifupi mamita 60. Poyerekeza, chiwerengero chofanana cha nyumba yomwe ili ndi 16 pansi, siposa mamita 43. Pansi pa nyumbayi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi chifuniro cha Djosser, kamodzi kamene kanali ndi 125 ku 115 mamita. Chiwonongeko cha chirengedwe, chomwe chakhala chopangidwa ku mapangidwe kwa zaka zambiri, chatseketsa kukula kwake.

Kusankhidwa

Mwachikhalidwe, manda anali ndi mabwinja a mafumu a Aigupto okha. Piramidi yachitsulo ya Djoser, yomwe chithunzi chake chikhoza kuyamikiridwa mu nkhaniyi, chinasinthidwa pankhaniyi. Ntchito yomangayo inali pothawira pokhapokha kwa mwiniwake, komanso kwa ana ake ndi akazi ake.

Olemba mbiri alephera kulemba nambala yeniyeni ya mafumu omwe mafupa awo anatsalira mkati mwa piramidi atamwalira. Zimadziwika kuti panali oposa khumi ndi awiri a iwo. Migodi yomwe ili kumbali yakum'maŵa imapezeka mwachangu. Kuzama kwake ndi mamita 32, pamene kuya kwa mtengo waukulu, umene unalandira thupi la mfumu, sikuposa mamita 28.

Ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti migodi yodabwitsa inali yokonzedweratu kwa azimayi a Joser. Ngati nthano iyi imatsimikiziridwa, zikutanthauza kuti chiwerengero cha "okhalamo" chophimba m'manda chinapitirira zana. Palinso anthu omwe amanena kuti migodi imayimira malo a chuma. Mwamwayi, n'zovuta kupeza, popeza kuwonongedwa pamanda a manda kunapangidwa kale.

Mitsewu yapansi

Piramidi ya Djoser, yomwe idalengedwa pansi pa utsogoleri wa Imhotep, si malo abwino oyenda. Pokhala nawo mumtunda, kutalika kwake komwe kuli palimodzi kupitirira 5.5 km, palibe njira yotulukira. Kuyerekezera: miyala yamkati ya manda a Cheops sichiposa mazana angapo mamita.

Kodi mkatimo?

Kawirikawiri oyendayenda omwe amatha kuona mapiramidi apamwamba mkati mwawo amanyengedwa. Sapeza zithunzi zofiira kapena zolembetsa zodabwitsa. Piramidi yowonongeka ya Djoser, yomwe tsopano ili yovuta kwambiri kudzipeza, sichidzakakamiza alendo ake kuti akhumudwe.

Oyendera alendo adzasangalatsidwa, atakhala mu chipinda chosungiramo zipinda, makoma omwe amatha ndi matayira amitundu yambiri (zobiriwira, zofiira). Zogwiritsidwa ntchito m'masiku akale a Aigupto ndi zofanana ndi matabwa a ceramic masiku athu. Zoonadi, zipangizo zamakono sizikanatha kupulumuka zaka 4,600, pamene matayala opangidwa ndi anthu akale akusungidwa bwino.

Kukongola ndi kukongoletsa makoma otsika, omwe amaimira mafano a Aiguputo. Iwo afika masiku athu ali bwino kuposa matayala, chifukwa ali pamtunda wa miyala ya granite. Kufufuzidwa kunathandiza kupeza zotsalira za sarcophagus ya pharao wamphamvu. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, mkati mwanu mukhoza kuyamikira zithunzi za nyenyezi zisanu. Aigupto m'masiku amenewo ankagwirizanitsa chizindikiro ichi ndi malo okhalamo.

Komanso mukhoza kuyamikira zithunzi zitatu zozunzikirapo ndi zithunzi za Djoser. Wolamulira wa Aigupto anawonetsedwa panthawi ya kutenga nawo mbali mu miyambo yachipembedzo, mutu wa pharao korona wa korona wachikhalidwe.

Chidziwitso kwa alendo

Chisoni china chimayambitsidwa ndi boma limene tsopano ndi piramidi yomwe yafika ku Djoser. Wopanga mapulani anakonza kupanga nyumba yodalirika yomwe yapulumuka mpaka lero, koma mavuto a nyengo ndi zochitika zowonongeka zinakhudza kwambiri maonekedwe ake. N'zosadabwitsa kuti lamulo la boma liletsa kulemba momasuka zizindikirozo. Pakalipano, ntchito yomangidwanso ikuyenda, choncho chikumbumtimacho chikuzunguliridwa ndi kumanga nkhalango.

Zongopeka ndikuwona zomwe piramidi ya Djoser imachokera mkati, mwinamwake. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kupeza chilolezo kuchokera ku Egypt Antiquities Service, koma idzatenga nthawi yaitali kwambiri. Kuyenda Sakkara kulipo tsiku ndi tsiku, n'zotheka kupita ku necropolis kuyambira maola 8 mpaka 16. Zosiyana ndi masiku amenewo pamene zovutazo zatsekedwa kuti zikhale zofunikira za ntchito ya archaeologists. Choncho, ulendo usanayambe kuyenera kudziwa ngati Sakkara ndi yotsegulira alendo.

Kuwona mwanayo Ali ndi maso, sitiyenera kuiwala za nyengo. Kuwononga maola angapo padzuwa, osakhoza kubisa mkati mwa nyumbayo, ndi kovuta kwambiri.