Nkhani ya chaka ndi anthu BC. World mapu BC

Mbiri nthaŵi, monga amadziwika, lagawidwa Mmasiku awiri. Poyamba, pali nthawi yomwe m'nthawi otchedwa siteji BC. Izo ukutha ndi isanayambike chaka choyamba. Panthawi imeneyi, nthawi yathu inayamba, limene mpaka lero zimatha. Ndipo ngakhale lero, akuitana chaka, anthu sanena kuti "N. E." Komabe, zimatanthauza.

The kalendala loyamba

The ndondomeko ya kusanduka anthu panafunika kuti streamline tsiku ndi nthawi. alimi wakale kukhala molondola zotheka kudziwa nthawi ndi bwino kubzala mbewu breeder wongosamukasamuka - pamene akusamukira m'madera ena, mu nthawi kuonetsetsa kuti ng'ombe zawo chakudya.

Choncho anayamba kuoneka kalendala woyamba kwambiri. Ndipo iwo anali zochokera kuzipenya wa zakuthambo komanso chikhalidwe. anthu osiyanasiyana anali zosiyana kalendala nthawi. Mwachitsanzo, Aroma anali limafotokozera zawo za kukhazikitsidwa kwa Rome - 753 BC, pamene Aigupto - kuchokera pamene woyamba gulu la aliyense wa achepetse wa Farao. Pangani kalendala awo ndi zipembedzo zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu Islam, nyengo yatsopano imayamba ndi chaka Mneneri Muhammad anabadwa.

Julian ndi kalendala ya Gregory

Mu 45 BC, Julius Caesar anayambitsa kalendala wake. Iwo anayamba chaka ndi woyamba wa January inatenga miyezi khumi. Kalendala imeneyi imatchedwa Julian.

Amene timagwiritsa ntchito lero, kumene kunachitika 1582 ndi Papa Gregory akhumi. Iye anali okhoza kuthetsa ena mwa kusiyana kwambiri kuti anapeza poyamba bungwe la ecumenical. Pa nthawiyo, zinali masiku khumi. Kusiyana pakati pa Julian ndi Gregory kalendala ukuwonjezeka ndi pafupifupi tsiku lililonse atumwi, ndi lero ndi kale masiku khumi.

Mu mbiri ya n'chimene wakhala unachita chachikulu. Ndipotu n'kofunika, kodi nthawi panali chochitika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu onse, kaya ndi kulenga zipangizo woyamba wa ntchito, kapena chiyambi cha zaka mazana 'nkhondo. Akuti mbiri popanda masiku ofanana ndi masamu popanda manambala.

Mawonekedwe a chipembedzo cha Kuwerengera

Chiyambireni cha nthawi yathu ino ndi masamu chaka ankaona tsiku la kubadwa kwa Yesu, zosinthika achipembedzo kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa kulowa chogwirizana ndi kubadwa kwa Khristu pamaso pake. Mpaka pano, pali wolondola mwamtheradi mbiri deta pamene moyo wa dziko anaonekera. Bukuli lili yekha pa zinthu zakale achipembedzo ndi mbiri yakale, asayansi mumakumbukira nthawi pamene chinachake chinachitika kapena zinthu zina. Pa nthawi yomweyo BC zalembedwa mu ndondomeko ya nthawi imene iwowo.

chaka ziro

Tchulani gawo pakati pa nthawi isanayambe kapena itatha Khristu kugwirizana ndi mawerengedwe a zolemba mu lakumwamba kumachitidwa mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero cha integers pa ntchito olamulira. Chaka ziro sakuvomereza ntchito achipembedzo kapena zadziko notations iliyonse. Koma sizachilendo mu kujambula zakuthambo ndi ISO 8601 - muyezo lonse, wosindikiza bungwe monga gulu lapadziko lonse kwa Standardization. Limafotokoza mtundu wa masiku ndi nthawi, komanso malangizo ntchito yawo ndi nkhani lonse.

awerenge

Lingaliro la "BC" ali kufalitsa m'mbiri pambuyo ntchito lolemekezeka Bede - ndi Benedicto wa Chimonko. Iye analemba za izo mu umodzi wa Mfundo wake. Ndipo kuyambira zaka 731 nthawi mawerengedwe unagawidwa Mmasiku awiri: pamaso pa Khristu ndi pambuyo. Pang'onopang'ono, pafupifupi m'mayiko onse mu Ulaya anayamba pochitika pa kalendara. The zaposachedwapa awa anali Portugal. Izo zinachitika August 22, 1422. Pamaso pa January woyamba 1700 Russia anagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kakyulasi Constantinople nyengo. Mfundo kuyambira ya Chikhristu cha "chilengedwere dziko lapansi" anakawagoneka izo. Mokulira chiŵerengero pakati pa "masiku a chilengedwe cha dziko lapansi" ndi nthawi lonse linakhalapo anauika maziko a Nthawi zambiri. Koma Constantinople analengedwa ntchito Constance, ndi dongosolo la izo anatengedwera kuchokera September 5509 BC. Komabe, popeza Mfumu sanali "zogwirizana Mkhristu," dzina lake, ndipo nthawi yomweyo iwo anapanga kuwerengetsa, otchulidwa monyinyirika.

Mbiri isanayambe ndi mbiri nyengo

History - ndi mbiri isanayambe ndi mbiri nthawi. Woyamba likuyamba ndi maonekedwe a munthu woyamba, ndipo umatha pamene kulemba anaonekera. Mbiri isanayambe umodzi kugawidwa m'mbali zingapo nthawi. Chifukwa cha gulu lawo ndi zotsalira ofukula zinthu zakale. The zipangizo zimene anthu BC kupanga zida, nthawi imene ntchito iwo, anapanga maziko kumanganso osati nthawi, koma mayina a magawo a prehistory.

Nyengo mbiri imakhala nyengo kale Zapakati, komanso masiku ano ndi chi nthawi. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana, iwo anaukira panthawi zosiyanasiyana, choncho asayansi sangathe kudziwa awo timeframe enieni.

Chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino

Izo ziri zodziwika bwino kuti nyengo yatsopano osati kuyambira kuwerengera ndi readout mosalekeza kwa zaka Mwachitsanzo, kuyambira chaka choyamba ndipo kuti, nkuti, panthawiyo. Kuwerengera ake anayamba patapita nthawi yaitali, ndi tsiku la kubadwa kwa Yesu. Akukhulupirira kuti loyamba la masamu mmonke ake Roma, dzina lake Dionisiyo Exiguus m'nthawi ya chimodzi, ndiko kuti, zaka zoposa mazana asanu zinthuzo pachibwenzi. Kuti zotsatira, Dionisiyo woyamba anawerenga tsiku kuuka kwa Yesu, zochokera mwambo Mpingo kuti Mwana wa Mulungu anapachikidwa pa chaka makumi atatu zoyambirira za moyo.

Deti la kuuka kwake, malinga ndi mmonke Roma - ichi March 25 5539 chaka aweruze "kwa Adamu" ndi chaka cha kubadwa kwa Kristu, inali ndi TH 5508 za m'nthawi Byzantine. Izo ziyenera ananena kuti mawerengedwe a Dionisiyo mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu, anayamba kukayikira mu West. Palokha, Ufumu wa Byzantine ndipo iwo sanamuzindikire ovomerezeka.

History of BC

Kuyambira ciwiri lachitatu Zakachikwi BC, dziko linali nthawi ya Neolithic - nthawi ya kusintha appropriating mitundu ya zachuma, ndicho kusaka ndi kusonkhana, ndi ikuyambitsa - ulimi ndi ulimi nyama. Pa nthawi imeneyo anali kuluka, akupera zipangizo mwala ndi mbiya.

Kutha kwa wachinayi - chiyambi cha woyamba Zakachikwi BC: pa dziko akulamulira Mkuwa Age. Likuyenda zitsulo ndi mkuwa zida, pali pastoralists woyendayendawu. Mkuwa Age anapereka njira kwa Iron. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Egypt ankalamulidwa ndi achepetse loyamba ndi lachiwiri, kugwirizanitsa dziko mmodzi boma centralized.

Mu zaka 2850-2450 BC. e. Iwo anayamba kuchira chuma cha chitukuko Chisumeriya. Kuyambira 2800 mpaka 1100 auka loyamba la Aegean, kapena chikhalidwe cha Greece wakale. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, India unachokera mu Indus Valley chitukuko, ankaona maluwa apamwamba Troy ufumu.

Mozungulira 1190 BC. e. anakomoka wamphamvu Mhiti ufumu. Patapita zaka pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi Elamu mfumu anagonjetsa Babulo, ndipo anabwera heyday mphamvu zake.

Mu zaka 1126-1105 BC. e. anabwera ulamuliro wa mfumu Nebukadinezara wa ku Babulo. Mu 331-mamita mu Caucasus anapanga dziko loyamba. M'chaka 327 BC. e. unachitikira Indian kampani Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Mu nthawi iyi panali zambiri zochitika, kuphatikizapo kapolo kupanduka Sicily, ndi anagwirizana nkhondo Mithridatic nkhondo, kampeni ya Mark Anthony pa Parthians, ulamuliro wa Mfumu Augustus.

Pomaliza, pakati pa zaka za chitatu ndi wachinayi BC Khristu anabadwa.

nyengo yatsopano

anthu osiyanasiyana mfundo limafotokozera anali nthawi zonse wosiyana. Aliyense boma vutoli paokha, pamene tizitsogoleredwa ndi zolinga zachipembedzo ndi wa zandale. Ndipo kokha m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi limati onse Mkhristu anakhazikitsa wamba Buku moti ntchito lero pansi pa dzina la "nthawi yathu ino". Kalendala Maya akale, nyengo Byzantine, ndi kalendala, ndi Chinese - iwo onse anali tsiku awo a chilengedwe.

Mwachitsanzo, kalendala Japanese inayamba mu 660 BC ndipo kusinthidwa nthawi iliyonse imfa ya mfumu. nyengo Chibuda posachedwapa kulowa chaka 2484, ndi kalendala ya Hindi - mu 2080. Aaziteki zosinthika kalendala nthawi yawo mu 1454, pambuyo pa imfa ndi kubadwanso kwa dzuŵa. Choncho, ngati chitukuko awo sanataye, iwo lero zikanakhala zaka 546 zokha za nyengo yatsopano ...

mapu wakale wa dziko

BC apaulendo anali ndi chidwi padziko zinali zojambula za maulendo awo. Iwo anasamutsa iwo makungwa, mchenga, kapena amtunduwu. Mapu oyamba a dziko anaonekera kwa zaka masauzande ambiri BC. Kuti phanga zojambula akhala ena zithunzi woyamba. Ngakhale anthu scouting dziko lapansi, iwo anali chidwi mapu wakale wa Nthawi makedzana. Ena mwa iwo amaimira dziko lathuli ngati chilumba chachikulu akukhatira mwa nyanja, pa zina ndi kale zotheka kuona maphunziro a dziko lonselo.

Babele mapu

Mapu oyamba kwambiri analengedwa ndi BC, panali phale laling'ono piritsi opezeka Mesopotamia. Ming'oma kumapeto kwa chitatu - chiyambi cha zaka chiwiri pamaso yathu ino ndi ndi zomwe zilipo yekha kwa Ababulo. The Earth wazunguliridwa ndi nyanja pa izo, amatchedwa "madzi amchere". Pakuti madzi - Triangles, zikusonyeza momveka bwino m'mapiri a ku mayiko akutali.

Mapuwa limasonyeza boma la Urartu (ano Armenia), Asuri (Iraq), Elamu (Iran) ndi Babulo lenilenilo, limene kumachitika pakati pa mtsinje wa Firate.

Map of Eratosthenes

Ngakhale Agiriki akale anali Earth dera ndi elegantly kwambiri kukangana izo. Pythagoras Mwachitsanzo, iye ananena kuti zonse ndi zogwirizana mu chirengedwe, ndi mawonekedwe langwiro kwambiri za izo - mpira, imene pali pulaneti. Mapu oyamba, analemba zochokera chifanizo cha dziko lapansi ndi Eratosthenes. Iye anakhalapo m'zaka za m'ma BC wachitatu Kurene. Akukhulupirira kuti wasayansi amene anatsogolera Library of Alexandria, ndipo anabwera ndi liwu monga "madera". Iyo inali nthawi yoyamba iye ali BC raschertil dziko kufanana ndi meridians, nawayitana "amene tikupitirira" kapena "masana" mizere. World Eratosthenes anali chilumba amene m'malire North Atlantic Ocean kuyambira pamwamba ndi pansi. Iwo unagawidwa mu Europe, ndi Ariana Arabia, India, ndi Scythia. Kum'mwera, anali Taprobane - panopa Ceylon.

Pankhaniyi, Eratosthenes ankaoneka kukhala Chigawo ena, "antipodes" imene sikutheka kuwafika. Ndipotu anthu ndiye, kuphatikizapo Agiriki akale ankaganiza kuti pa equator kotentha kuti nyanja pachimake, ndi zamoyo zonse zinthu kuwotcha. Tikawonetsetsa mizati ozizira kwambiri, ndipo pali umapulumuka aliyense.

mapu Ptolemy ndi

Kwa zaka zingapo, waukulu ankaona aliyense map. Chinali chitalembedwa akale Greek katswiri Claudius Ptolemy. Maziko pafupifupi zaka zana ndi makumi asanu BC, unali mbali ya vosmitomnika "Guide to Geography".

Mu Ptolemeya Aziya wotanganidwa danga ku North Pole kuti equator, chimakankhira ya Pacific Ocean, pamene Africa bwino amalowa incognita yadothi, agwilitse lonse South Pole. Kumpoto kwa Scythia anali lanthano Hyperborea, ndi za America kapena Australia sananene chilichonse. Ndi kuyamika mapuwa, Columbus anayamba kufika India ndi panyanja kumadzulo pa nthawi yomweyo. Ndipo ngakhale pambuyo Kupezeka kwa America kwa nthawi yaitali anapitiriza ntchito mapu kuchokera Ptolemy.