Cultural Anthropology: chinthu kuphunzira ndi kapangidwe

chilangochi sayansi sangakhale angayenerere chifukwa nkhani pakokha yapadera kufufuza ake. N'chifukwa chake mu kutanthauzira yamakono ya Anthropology chikhalidwe kuoneka ngati m'lingaliro yotakata ndi yopapatiza.

M'lingaliro yotakata, chilango chimene timagwiritsa viability wa anthu ambiri ndi mafuko, malingana ndi mtundu chikhalidwe, khalidwe kwa anthu awa. Mwanjira imeneyi, tiyenera Musasokonezeke ndi Anthropology thupi, kumene monga chinthu sayansi amagwiritsa makamaka zowombetsa mkota psychophysical katundu magulu. Cultural Anthropology, amene amafufuza mawonetseredwe zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa anthu ku mawonedwe a pokambiranapo awo wa anthu mwachibadwa, mosiyana wa Anthropology aumunthu.

M'njira yopapatiza, chilango chimenechi n'zofanana ndi Anthropology chikhalidwe, monga cholinga substantive kafukufuku ali ziri chomwecho. Onse a iwo akuphunzira, poyamba pa zonse, osiyanasiyana mabungwe chikhalidwe pano mu moyo wa anthu osiyanasiyana ndi Madera chikhalidwe.

Mwina chakuti Anthropology pa moyo ndi chikhalidwe ndi ofanana zipangizo methodological monga umboni wa nkhani yolembedwa izi. Amagwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuzira kuti, popanda iwo, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito sayansi ena okhudzidwa - ethnography, mbiri, Chaanthu, kuwerenga maganizo mitundu, ziwerengero ndi zina.

Kwenikweni Anthropology chikhalidwe akuwalankhula ntchito izi chidziwitso:

- ponena za miyambo, miyambo, chinenero, maganizo ndi makhalidwe a zithunzi za anthu osiyanasiyana;

- kuphunzira zilakolako za chitukuko cha mogwirizana kwa mipata chikhalidwe ndi anthu okhala iwo;

- Kukambirana za nkhani zokhudzana ndi maphunziro a muyezo adzadziwire anthu ndi madera mu masiku ano zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana;

- kuphunzira chiyambi mabungwe chikhalidwe cha anthu osiyanasiyana ndi kufanizitsa awo danga nthawi gawo;

- kumvetsa bwino chikhalidwe cha anthu awo kapena anthu ndi malo ake mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana;

- kuphunzira chikhalidwe, njira ndi mawonetseredwe amadza chifukwa cha chododometsa chikhalidwe cha anthu pa mapangidwe kaonedwe munthu wa anthu;

- kuphunzira chikhalidwe cha zochitika chikhalidwe ndi mafuko a mbali zonse zotsutsana.

Kuyenera anatsindika kuti kumadzulo mwambo sayansi, mawu akuti "chikhalidwe Anthropology" kutanthauziridwa pang'ono kwambiri, pa msinkhu wa kudziletsa chiphunzitso, amene amatchulidwa mu matanthauzo a "culturalism", "sukulu za mbiri yakale", olemba ndi kutukula amene amazindikira Fr. Boas, E. Sapir, A. Kroeber, R. Benedict, M. Herskovits. Pa chiphunzitso ichi amakhala ndi logwirizana ndi kuyerekezera zochitika chikhalidwe cha anthu osiyanasiyana mu uthunthu cholinga chitsanzo. Methodologically iwo anathana ndi kusonkhanitsa mfundo zogwirizana sayansi pa moyo wa anthu (dera), gulu ake, grouping mozungulira mbali kutsogolera mfundo zimene lalikulu. Chifukwa cha njira ya sayansi, chikhalidwe akukhala, titero angatsutse maziko apulumuke mtundu uliwonse kapena anthu.

Monga mwambo wa sayansi, zodabwitsazi amakhala ndi:

- kukana zakuthwa kusanduka ambiri ndi mtundu wa chikhalidwe cha anthu makamaka;

- kutchulidwa chikhalidwe imadalira - chilakolako kupenda zotsatira za chikhalidwe pa maziko a makhalidwe ndi muyezo wa chikhalidwe kwambiri;

- mwapadera vuto la mogwirizana anthu "- chikhalidwe", pomwe udindo si anatengedwa pa anthu onse ozungulira;

- reducibility la zochitika zonse za chikhalidwe ndi wokhulupirika, amene amalola mosavuta kudziwa chikhalidwe genotype anthu fanizirani ndi ena.

Choncho, chilango ichi ndi gawo lapansi lovuta limene Kuvuta anatsimikiza monga multiplicity wa njira kuti kulekana nkhani ya kafukufuku, ndipo zosiyanasiyana njira ya chidziŵitso. Iwo likukhalira kuti Anthropology chikhalidwe ikufotokoza osiyanasiyana nkhani.