Akuphedwa Charles 1 (30 January 1649) ku London. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Civil ku England

Pa chimfine January m'mawa mu 1649, pa scaffold ndi, anaika mu mtima wa London, iye sanaukitsidwa mpandu wamba, ndi mfumu kulamula anthu ake kwa zaka twente-foro. Pa tsiku ili, dziko yayenda siteji yotsatira za mbiri yake, ndipo anakhala kuphedwa yomaliza ya Charles 1. Mu England, tsiku la mwambo si chizindikiro kalendala, koma iye anapita mpaka muyaya mu mbiri yake.

The Scion ya munthu wolemekezeka Ndodo Stewart

Stuart - mafumu, anabwera kuchokera ku nyumba yakale Scotland. nthumwi zake, osati agwilitse English ndi mpando wachifumu ku Scotland, aliyense sinapezekenso m'mbiri ya boma. kukwezedwa awo akunena za chiyambi cha m'ma XIV, pamene Chiwerengero Walter Stewart (Mtumiki) anakwatira mwana wa Mfumu Robert Ine Bruce. Nkomwe ukwati anali yoyamba nkhani zachikondi, osalephera, Chingerezi mfumu anaitenga kuti athandize kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ubwenzi wake ndi apamwamba Scotland.

Charles Choyamba, momvetsa chisoni chimene adzapita nkhani m'nkhani ino ana a wolemekezeka Earl Walter, ndi monga a Stuart mafumu. pobadwa Iye anali "osangalala" nzika za tsogolo November 19, 1600, anabadwa mu zogona akale a olamulira Scottish - Denfermlinskom Palace.

Pakuti inalowa wotsatira ku mpando wachifumu anali pang'ono Carl wopanda provenance - bambo wake anali Mfumu ya Scotland, James VI, monga Amayi Mfumukazi England Anna Datskaya. Komabe, vuto asokoneza mchimwene Henry, Prince of Wales, anabadwa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi kale, choncho amene anali patsogolo ufulu korona.

Nthawi zambiri tsoka sanali makamaka kuwolowa manja kwa Carl, ndithudi, ngati kuti tinganene za mwanayo ku banja lachifumu. Pamene mwana anali mwana wodwala, penapake kupepera, choncho mochedwa kuposa anzake kuyamba kuyenda ndi kulankhula. Ngakhale pamene mu 1603 bambo ake ufumu English ndipo anasamukira ku London, Karl sakanakhoza kumutsatira monga bwalo madokotala anali kuopa kuti iye sadzapulumuka msewu.

Tikumbukenso kuti kufooka kwa thupi ndi magazi ochepa adamperekeza iye onse moyo wake. Ngakhale pa chithunzi kutsogolo kwa chithunzicho sangathe kupereka chilichonse linazunza mfumuyu ngati maonekedwe otchuka. Inde, kukula kwa Charles Stewart 1 anali masentimita 162 okha.

Njira mpando wachifumu

Mu 1612 chochitika zinachitika kuti anatsimikiza tsogolo la Charles lonse. M'chaka chimenecho mu London kunabuka mliri zoopsa enaake a pakhungu, kumene kunali kosatheka kubisa ngakhale mkati mwa mpanda wa Royal Castle. Mwamwayi iye sanali anavulala chifukwa iye anali pa nthawi imeneyo ku Scotland, koma matenda wakhala kapolo wa mchimwene wake, Henry, amene anabadwa okonzeka amalamulira dziko, ndi zimene anthu onse okwera anali kuyembekezera.

imfa yake anatsegula Carl njira mphamvu, ndi chibvuto pa Westminster Abbey, kumene anapuma mapulusa a Henry anamaliza maliro mwambo, iye anakwezedwa kwa Prince of Wales Udindo - wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu, ndipo pa zaka pafupi moyo wake unadzaza ndi onse kukonzekera kuphedwa kwa chotero ntchito yapamwamba.

Pamene Carl zaka makumi awiri, bambo ake ataonera chipangizo cha moyo wake wa m'tsogolo banja, ukwati wolowa ndi nkhani mwangwiro ndale ndi Hymen iye pa kuwombera pa saloledwa. James VI kusankha kwawo anaima pa Spanish Infanta Anna. ganizo limeneli lili ndi ziwalo anakwiya a nyumba ya malamulo amene sanafune dynastic rapprochement ndi boma Katolika. Poganizira, tisaiwale kuti aphedwe tsogolo la Charles 1 adzakhala ndi kwakukulukulu achipembedzo amalimbikitsidwa ndi kudwala-analangiza kusankha Mkwatibwi linali chinthu choyamba kwa izo.

Komabe, pa nthawiyo kunalibe zizindikiro za vuto, ndi Carl anapita ku Madrid ndi chikhumbo panokha alowerere zokambirana ukwati, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndi kuyang'ana pa Mkwatibwi. Mkwati anali limodzi ndi lapamtima, kapena kani, wokonda bambo wake - George Villiers. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, Korol Yakov VI anali lalikulu ndi wachikondi mtima, mu n'zogwirizana osati madona, komanso amuna awo olemekezeka.

Zingakhumudwitse bwalo English, ku Madrid, zokambirana anakafika impasse, monga mbali Spanish ankanena kalonga kuvomereza Chikatolika, ndipo izo zinali mwamtheradi ndikolakwika. Charles ndi bwenzi lake latsopano George anali kupweteka ndi Kuuma mtima a ku Spain, moti atabwerera kunyumba, funsani yamalamulo kusiya bwalo lawo achifumu, ndipo ngakhale ankafika ndi Corps aboma kuchita ntchito nkhondo. Sizikudziwika kodi onse mathero, koma mwamwayi, nthawi panapezeka zambiri amenable mkwatibwi - wamkazi wa ku French mfumu Henry IV, Henrietta Maria, amene anakhala mkazi wake, ndi kukanidwa mkwatibwi bata.

Pa helm ndi

1 Carl Stuart anakwera wachifumu atamwalira bambo wake mu 1625, ndipo kuchokera tsiku loyamba anayamba sagwirizana ndi yamalamulo ndi, napempha kuti Iye amapereka mitundu yonse ya Zopatsa asilikali. Musati kufunika (chuma anapita zidutswa), iye anali kawiri wake inasokonekera, koma nthawi iliyonse anakakamizika lachiweruzo kachiwiri. Chifukwa, zofunika zikutanthauza Mfumu nacho, propped anthu oletsedwa ndi onerous misonkho. History muli zitsanzo ngati a olamulira lalifupi akuthwa plugged mabowo bajeti, kumanga misonkho.

Zaka andzesera patsogolo. bwenzi lake komanso ankakonda George Villiers, pambuyo pa imfa ya James VI potsiriza n'kukakhala ku zipinda za Charles, posakhalitsa aphedwe. Umenewu unali kukhala scoundrel zachinyengo, imene analipira, chinkhoswe mu kutolera misonkho. Popanda maganizo pang'ono chuma, njira yokha ya chimathandiza chuma King, ankaona levies latsopano ndi watsopano, chilango oyamba kuphangira zosiyanasiyana, ndi miyeso ofanana. Akuphedwa Charles 1, wotsatira kwa chaka twente-chachinayi cha ulamuliro wake, kunali chikafika woyenera mfundo zimenezi.

Atangochoka Vilersoma kupha, ku bwalo la Pabwaloli panali zambiri Tomás Uentvort, amene anali wokhoza kuti nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Charles Woyamba wanzeru ntchito. Ilo linali lingaliro chake chofuna kukhazikitsa boma la mphamvu zonse achifumu, kupumula pa asilikali zonse. Patapita nthawi viceroy ku Ireland, iye bwinobwino muyika mumachitidwe dongosolo, moto ndi lupanga kupondereza dissent.

Kukonza, chimene chinapangitsa mavuto chikhalidwe mu Scotland

Charles Ine analibe moyang'ana m'tsogolo ndiponso achipembedzo m'mayiko nkhondo inavuta. mfundo ndi yakuti anthu ku Scotland makamaka wopangidwa ndi otsatira a Oyeretsawa ndi Presbyterian mipingo yoperekedwa kwa awiri a mitundu yambiri ya Chiprotestanti.

Nthawi anatumikira monga chonamizira kukangana ndi akuluakulu a Anglican Church, kutsogozedwa mu England, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi boma. Osafuna kufunafuna kukondera, mfumu anayesa miyeso chiwawa ambiri anapereka ulamuliro wake, chimene chinapangitsa mkwiyo wa Chi, ndipo zinachititsa kuti nkhondo.

Komabe, cholakwa chachikulu, ndi zotsatira nkhondo ku England, chilango cha Charles 1 ndi wotsatira ndale, ayenera kuganiziridwa kudwala-pakati, ineptly anathamangitsa ndondomeko ndi Scotland. Mu ichi ofufuza ambiri anagwirizana gwirizanani kwambiri mwachisoni inatha ulamuliro.

Cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito yake inali kulimbikitsa malire achifumu ndi zampingo ulamuliro. lamuloli linali zinadzala ndi zotsatira zoipa. Mu Scotland, kuyambira kale mwambo, ophatikizapo makalasi ufulu ndi kukhazikitsa chilamulo inviolability katundu payekha, ndi iwo mu malo oyamba ndi encroached mfumu.

The yochepa sightedness mfundo lachifumu

China chirichonse, tisaiwale kuti mbiri ya Charles 1 zinali zomvetsa chisoni osati chifukwa cha zolinga yochiritsira, koma chifukwa cha njira kugwiritsa iwo. zochita zake, monga ulamuliro, mwauchidakwa molunjika ndi bwino cholinga, nthawi zonse zachititsa otchuka mkwiyo ndi kunathandiza kulimbitsa kutsutsidwa.

Mu 1625 mfumu otalikirana ambiri anthu otchuka Scotland, anapereka lamulo limene analowa mbiri ngati "Act pa revocation lapansi." Malinga ndi chikalata ichi, chigamulo kuletsa mafumu onse a England, kuyambira 1540, kulanda malo a olemekezeka dziko. Kuwapulumutsa iwo eni amayenera kupanga ku cuma mtengo wofanana ndi mtengo wa dziko.

Komanso, lamulo lomwelo analamulidwa kubwerera ku Church of England a dzikolo, amene anali mu Scotland, ndipo anagwira ake m'nyengo ya kukonzanso, Chiprotestanti wakhazikitsa dziko kuti ukasintha bwanji zinthu achipembedzo a anthu. N'zosadabwitsa kuti pambuyo m'chilengezo zoterozo chikalata zotenga anali anagonjera mfumu kwambiri mapemphero kumusonyeza mwa oimira Boma osiyanasiyana a anthu. Komabe, osati kokha iye mosapita m'mbali anakana kulingalira, komanso kulimbikitsa zinthu mwa kuyambitsa msonkho watsopano.

The nomination wa oyang'anira ndi chiyembekezo chakuti wa Scottish yamalamulo

Kuyambira masiku choyamba cha ulamuliro wake, Charles ndinayamba kuika patsogolo mabishopu udindo wapamwamba Anglican. Iye wakhalanso anapatsa ambiri mipando mu bungwe achifumu, amene kwambiri yafupika chizindikiro cha otchuka Scottish mu, napereka kukonda kusakhutira. Chifukwa cha apamwamba Scottish inachotsedwa mphamvu ndi akumanidwa mwayi kwa mfumu.

Oopa kulimbitsa chitsutso, mfumu ndi 1626 pafupifupi inaimitsidwa ntchito ya Scottish yamalamulo, ndi mwa onse tiyeni convening wa Assembly General wa Church of Scotland, umene kulambira kuti wake unayamba angapo malamulo mlendo Anglican. Zinali kulakwitsa koopsya, ndi kuphedwa kwa Charles 1, amene wakhala mapeto chisoni cha ulamuliro wake, kunali zotsatira mosalephera a miscalculations amenewa.

Inayamba pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni

Pamene panali yokhudza siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la ufulu andale a otchuka, kuti zimenezi anachititsa kuukira bwalo lawo pang'ono minda, koma mu nkhani ya kuphwanya malamulo achipembedzo - Mfumu tisiye mtundu wonse. Ichinso chifukwa cha zipolowe otaya kulalatira opempha. Ngati nthawi yotsiriza, mfumu anakana kuwaona, ndipo anatsanulira mafuta pa moto akamadzapereka mmodzi wa petitioners achangu, adamulamulira iye ndi mwachizolowezi mu Zikatero, mlandu woukira boma.

Kuthetheka chakumene magazini ufa wa Scotland, anali kufuna kusungira July 23, 1637 mu Edinburgh utumiki, anamanga pa maziko a chipembedzo Anglican. Unachititsa chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa si nzika okha, komanso lotseguka kupanduka kuti chinapululutsa zambiri za dziko, ndipo anapita pansi mu mbiri monga nkhondo yoyamba boma. zinthu kunakula tsiku lililonse. Atsogoleri a chitsutso wolemekezeka anali kuwalemba usilikali Mfumu kumusonyeza ndi mlendo kwa anthu kusintha mpingo, ndi kuwuka ambiri wa oyang'anira Anglican.

Kuyesera kuchepetsa ndi maganizo a mfumu, mokakamiza akuchotsa Edinburgh chitsutso achangu okha kukula ndi kusakhutira ambiri. Chifukwa, wapanikizidwa adani ake, Charles ndinakakamizika asintha, kuchotsa anthu adzada mabishopu wa bungwe achifumu.

Chifukwa cha zipolowe ambiri, anali convening ya panganoli National of Scotland, wopangidwa mwa nthumwi zochokera strata onse zachikhalidwe, ndi kutsogozedwa ndi oimira anthu apamwamba apamwamba. gulu zidakwezekanso ndipo zinasaina Ndondomeko pa kanthu olowa kudutsa fukoli Scottish amene ankafuna kusintha kulikonse kwa maziko awo achipembedzo. kabukuka kwa bukuli anam'patsa mfumu, anakakamizika kuvomereza. Komabe, chimenechi ndi tizigona osakhalitsa, ndi phunziro la mfumu omumvera ake, sanapite mu sitolo. Choncho, chilango Charles Stewart 1 anali zomveka kukwaniritsidwa kwa unyolo zolakwa zake.

Latsopano nkhondo yapachiweniweni

Izi odzikuza, koma unlucky kwambiri wolamulira kudula chithunzi osauka gawo lina la ufumu wake wamng'ono - Ireland. Apo iye kwa ena ndi olimba kwambiri mphoto analonjeza chitetezo kwa Akatolika m'dera Komabe, atalandira ndalama kwa iwo, pamenepo ndinaiwala zonse. Choncho kukwiya kuchitiridwa, ndi Irish anamenya nkhondo kuti ntchito polimbikitsa kukumbukira Mfumu. Ngakhale kuti ndi nthawi ya Charles Ine anasiya thandizo la nyumba yamalamulo wake, ndipo pamodzi nacho ambiri, anayesa ndi ochepa regiments okhulupirika, mphamvu kusintha zinthu. Choncho, August 23, 1642, Kwachiwiri Civil Nkhondo England.

Tikumbukenso kuti warlord Charles ndinali monga wosadziŵa monga wolamulira. Ngati pachiyambi cha nkhondoyi iye adakwanitsa kupambana zina kupambana wokongola zosavuta, ndi July 14, 1645 asilikali ake anali konse anagonjetsa Nkhondo ya Naseby. Osati kokha kuti mfumu mu thrall wa nzika zake, momwemonso mwa msasa wake anagwidwa ndi Archive kuti lili osiyanasiyana onse kunyengerera. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu ambiri anayamba kulengeza chinyengo zake zandale komanso chuma, komanso mankhwala chithandizo usilikali kudziko lina.

korona mkaidi

Mpaka 1647, Charles Ine unachitikira m'ndende ku Scotland pa udindowo. Komabe, ngakhale mu ntchito imeneyi unenviable anapitiriza kuti akuyesetsa kukambirana ndi akuluakulu a magulu osiyanasiyana a ndale ndi zipembedzo, mowolowa manja Tinkagawa lamanja ndi lamanzere lonjezo limene palibe munthu amakhulupirira izo. Pomaliza, alonda adamsuntha kwa phindu Zimatheka, posamutsa (kugulitsa) mapaundi zikwi mazana anai chabwino kwa English yamalamulo. Stuart - mafumu, waona kwambiri mu moyo wanga, koma chamanyazi chotero iye sanagone kwa zinachitikira.

Kamodzi London, mfumu kutsitsidwa anaikidwa mu Golmbach loko, ndiyeno azikatumikira ku nyumba ya Hampton Court, m'ndende panyumba. Kumeneko, Charles ali ndi mwayi weniweni kubwerera ku mphamvu, anavomera amene anakumana ndi munthu wotchuka kwambiri ndale za m'nthawi ya Oliver Kromvel, amene anaphedwa Charles 1, amene wakhala ndi nthawi ndi weniweni, anali disadvantageous.

Kumbali akufuna ndi mfumu, kodi mulibe malamulo alionse aakulu ulamuliro wa mfumu, koma ndiye iye anaphonya mwayi wake. Pofuna zokambirana ambiri, ndipo chakuti anayamba kukambirana chinsinsi ndi magulu osiyanasiyana a ndale za dziko, Karl evaded yankho mwachindunji kuti Cromwell, ndi chifukwa chakuti iye anataya kuleza mtima napereka dongosolo lake. Choncho, chilango Charles 1 Stuart anali kokha nkhani ya nthawi.

Mavuto amangogwa denouement inapita kuthawa ku Chisumbu cha Wight, ili mu English Channel, pafupi ndi gombe British. Komabe, ulendo uno idatha kulephera, chifukwa Mlandu nyumba m'bwalo linasintha kukhala m'ndende m'ndende. Kuchokera apo, mfumu yake yakale anayesa kum'landitsa Baron Artur Capel, amene Karl kale anapanga anzawo ndi kumanga pamwamba pa utsogoleri wolowezana wa bwalo. Koma, alibe mphamvu zokwanira, posakhalitsa Anapezeka yekha kumbuyo mipiringidzo.

Mlandu ndi chilango cha Mfumu kutsitsidwa

Palibe chikaiko kuti chinthu kwambiri khalidwe la Scion uyu wa Ndodo Stewart anali Ambiri Amakonda intrigue, umene ndi chifukwa cha kunamuwononga. Mwachitsanzo, kupereka malonjezo yosokoneza kwa Cromwell, iye anatsogolera zokambirana chinsinsi ndi adani ake ku nyumba yamalamulo ndi kupeza ndalama kuchokera Akatolika, nawonso anathandiza mabishopu Anglican. Ndipo kuperekedwa kwambiri Mfumu Charles 1 inapita patsogolo kwambiri chifukwa chakuti ngakhale pansi kumangidwa, iye sanaleke kutumiza kuyitana kuukira kulikonse, kuti udindo wake anali misala wathunthu.

Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri a regiments anagonjera yamalamulo chopempha udzafunidwa mlandu wa mfumu kale. Zinali mu 1649, ndipo kalekale chinthu ziyembekezo zakale, chimene anthu British moni kupita kumpando wachifumu. M'malo mwake, malamulo anzeru ndi kutali, iyo chokhudza ndi zochepa adventurer.

Kuchita mlandu wa Charles Ine ya Malamulo ndinaika anatumiza zana makumi asanu, amene anatsogozedwa loya wotchuka pa nthawi Dzhon Bredshou. Kuphedwa kwa Mfumu Charles 1 linasindikizidwa pasadakhale, motero ndondomeko lonse sanatenge nthawi yaitali. Mfumu kale, dzulo mwamuna kuwalamulira ndi mphamvu, anali aliyense amavomereza kuti wankhanza, wompereka Iye ndi mdani wa lawo lapansi. Ndi bwino kuti pakhale chilango pa mlandu wotere kwambiri zikhoza kukhala imfa.

Kuphedwa kwa Mfumu Charles 1 unachitikira m'mawa wa January 30, 1649 mu London. Kumupatsa chifukwa wake - ngakhale anakwera scaffold, iye anapitiriza pamaso pa malingaliro, natembenukira kwa khamu anasonkhana kulankhula kufa. Iwo atsutsa, ananena kuti ufulu wa anthu ndiponso ufulu Amawapatsa potsatira pamaso pa boma ndi malamulo amatsimikizira moyo wa anthu ndi wokhulupirika pa chuma. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo sapereka anthu abwino ayenerere kuthamanga kwa dziko. Mfumu ndi khamu la anthulo, anati, - ndi lingaliro chosiyana.

Choncho, ngakhale pakhomo imfa, Karl kumbuyo mfundo za absolutism, amene otsatira anali onse Stewart. England linali likadali kutali kupita patsogolo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwake mokwanira mu ufumu wa za malamulo, ndi anthu chosiyana maganizo ake ndi mwayi wotenga nawo mbali mu boma. Komabe, maziko ayalidwa kale.

Malinga ndi Maulendo a m'nthawi, chilango Mfumu Charles 1 anakopeka khamu lalikulu la anthu amene anali mu kudzaona zochitikazo wamagazi mu mkhalidwe mantha pafupi. The inafika pachimake pamene wakupha aphata mutu yodulidwa ndi tsitsi la mwayekha zawo zakale. Komabe, makolo mu Zikatero, mawu akuti adzaupereka kwa boma chigawenga ndi wompereka, sanalankhule.

Choncho, mu 1649 ine ndinayika mapeto wamagazi kwa ulamuliro wa mfumu. Komabe, mipita kwambiri kwa zaka khumi, ndi mbiri ya England pakubwera nthawi wotchedwa Kubwezeretsa Stuarts, pamene kachiwiri amapemphera kwa wachifumu wa oimira mtundu wakale umenewu. Chachiwiri Civil nkhondo ndi kuphedwa kwa Charles 1 zing'wenyeng'wenye ake.