Yambani makina ku Russia

Yambani makina mu Russia, tsiku limene posachedwapa kukhala phunziro la kutsutsana kwambiri, kawirikawiri kugwirizana ndi mayina a Ivan Fedorov ndi Petr Mstislavets kuti mkulu wa Tsar Ivan IV unakhazikitsidwa mu gawo la woyamba nyumba boma la Russia a Russian osindikizira.

Ndi nthawi iyi mu Ulaya, kusindikiza wakhala zofala kwambiri: pambuyo Johannes Gutenberg m'ma XV m'ma anatulukira, kodi inu si kulilembanso bukuli dzanja ndi kusindikiza iwo pa makina wapadera, kusindikiza anaonekera m'mizinda zikuluzikulu European. Typography kwa Ulaya kunali kofunika kuti: umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko zolumukizidwa ndi patsogolo sayansi ndi luso zikanakhala sangathe popanda kuthetsa kufunika kwa kusunga ndi kufala kwa zambiri.

Typography mu Russia anali prerequisites zina zingapo. Apa printings zinali zofunika, poyamba pa zonse, kuti osamva kulimbikitsa mphamvu likuwonjezekabe wa autocrat ndi tchalitchi cha Orthodox. Kuti ndi kuŵeta mabuku kuonetsa chipembedzo, mu maganizo Ivana Groznogo, si choti mabuku onse mpingo, ndiyotani pakuchotsa m'kupita anaonekera magulu ampatuko, komanso kuti alenge kofunika maganizo maziko a pamalo a Russia mphamvu kwambiri.

Yambani makina mu Russia zikutipatsa mafunso angapo. Choyamba, mbiri kulankhula za Ivan Fedorov ndi kusindikiza koyamba sizikumveka kwambiri ndi yosokoneza. Komanso, mu makalata a Ivana Groznogo anatchulidwa chiyambi cha mafakitale a anthu mabuku ngati Marusha Nefed'ev ndi Vasyuk Nikiforov, lofotokoza zinthu zimene si pano. deta Basic mwachindunji za Ivan Fedorov ndi Peter Mstislavets zili ntchito za m'ma XVII kale.

Chachiwiri, ngati makina osindikizira ku Russia kawirikawiri kugwirizana ndi kutulutsidwa mu Moscow mu 1564 buku la "The Mtumwi", komabe pa chiyambi cha XIX atumwi ku munda wa view a mbiri yakale ali bukhulo lomwe, monga momwe kupenda, anasindikizidwa mu Moscow isanafike tsiku limenelo. Asayansi mpaka kuzindikiridwa mabuku asanu amenewa, atatu a Mauthenga Anai, Masalimo ndi ziwiri ziwiri Lenten Triodion.

Chachitatu, akuti kwambiri za izo kale Fedorov mu Moscow ndiponso mizinda ina mabwana Russian, makamaka mchitidwe amene anayesa kulenga shopu kusindikiza kusindikiza mabuku achipembedzo kumeneko. Mu kalata iyi ya mabuku iwo opondapo, ngakhale khalidwe la ntchito masamba kwambiri wolakalakika.

Malinga ndi mbiri ya boma, chiyambi cha kusindikizidwa Russia chifukwa ntchito yapadera kuti Ivan Grozny molumikizana ndi Metropolitan Macarius anapereka Ivan Fedorov. Kukwaniritsa lamulo ili anayamba otsiriza April 19, 1563, ndipo patapita pafupifupi chaka, March 1, 1564, iwo anafalitsa buku loyamba "Mtumwi". Khalidwe la buku lino m'njira zambiri kuposa anzawo ena, koma kufalitsidwa wakhala zochepa kwambiri. Patapita chaka chimodzi, Fedorov ndi Mstislavets lofalitsidwa mu Moscow "Breviary", kenako analamulidwa kuchoka mu Rzeczpospolita, amene analenga makina atsopano osindikizira mabuku ndipo analemba kusindikizidwa "ABC."

Pambuyo Fedorov kumanzere Moscow, ntchito yake likulu Russian anapitiriza Nikifor Tarasievym ndi Andronika, amene anamasulidwa "Masalimo" mu 1568. Ngakhale panopa zinachitika moto umene anawononga nyumba yosindikizira mabuku, mafakitale buku ndondomeko kupanga sanathe ndinayima. Russia achokapo likunena pa njira ya Choonadi.

Yambani makina mu Russia, ngakhale umboni onse kuti tsiku kutsutsana ndi kutanthauzira osiyana, wasanduka yosaiwalika m'mbiri ya dziko lathu. Kujambula Moscow kusindikiza kwa mafakitale mabuku anatsindika yaikulu chidwi pagulu anthu kulemba ndi kuwerenga ndipo adalenga preconditions kwa pofuna kukwaniritsa dziko.