Wosazindikira anthu. anthu akale: kukula, maonekedwe, zofunika ndi ntchito

Monga tanenera mu deta sayansi, anthu oyambirira anaonekera za 4 miliyoni zapitazo. Kwa zaka, iwo zayambika, kuti ndi bwino osati mawu a chitukuko cha anthu wosazindikira, komanso kunja. Mbiri Anthropology ukugawa anthu wosazindikira kwa mitundu ochepa amene zonse anakwanitsa mzake. Kodi mbali anatomical wa mtundu uliwonse wa anthu wosazindikira, nanga nthawi iwo akhala aliko? Zonsezi werenganibe.

anthu wosazindikira - ndani?

Kwambiri anthu akale ankakhala Africa zaka zoposa 2 miliyoni zapitazo. Izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi amapeza ambiri ofukula zinthu zakale. Komabe, amadziwika kuti zolengedwa oyamba ngati, kusunthira molimba pa miyendo yakumbuyo (kutanthauza, mbali iyi ndi zofunika kwambiri kudziwa munthu wosazindikira) anaonekera kale kwambiri - zaka 4 miliyoni zapitazo. Mkhalidwe umenewu wa anthu akale monga bipedalism, anali woyamba wapezeka mu zolengedwa kuti asayansi anapatsidwa dzina "australopithecines".

Chifukwa cha zaka za kusanduka iwo m'malo patsogolo kwambiri Homo habls, imatchedwanso "munthu imathandiza". Iwo m'malo ndi zolengedwa yotha, amene oimira ankatchedwa Homo erectus, amene anawamasulira kuchokera ku Latin zikutanthauza "wolungama". Zinali patangopita pafupifupi theka zaka mamilioni panali bwino maganizo a munthu wosazindikira, zimene amatikumbutsa anthu amakono anzeru a Dziko Lapansi - ". Munthu wanzeru" Homo sapiens kapena Monga Tingaone pamwamba, anthu wosazindikira pang'onopang'ono, koma pa nthawi yomweyo bwino kwambiri anayamba, kutsegula mwayi. Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane zimene kwenikweni onse a makolo anthu amenewa, kodi zochita zawo ndi zomwe zimaoneka ngati.

Australopithecus: mbali kunja ndi moyo

Mbiri Anthropology amatanthauza woyambirira anyani australopithecine kuyendayenda miyendo. Chiyambi cha mtundu uwu wa anthu wosazindikira inayamba mu Africa East, zaka zoposa 4 miliyoni zapitazo. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 2 miliyoni zaka, zolengedwa kufalitsa lonse la Afrika. Munthu wakale amene kukula pakuchitika 135 cm, ali ndi kulemera kwa osapitirira 55 makilogalamu. Mosiyana ndi anyani Australopithecus anali yapadera kwambiri dimorphism kugonana, koma dongosolo la canines mu amuna ndi akazi anali ofanana. Chigaza cha mitundu anali ochepa ndipo anali ndi buku la zosaposa 600 masentimita ^3. The ntchito yaikulu ya Australopithecus pafupifupi palibe zosiyana zomwe ndi nyani zamakono, ndipo zinali zochepa ulimi wa chakudya ndi kutetezedwa adani.

Homo habilis: thunthu ndi moyo

Homo habilis (Latin kuti "munthu imathandiza") ngati osiyana palokha mtundu yotha anaonekera zaka 2 miliyoni zapitazo mu Africa. Anthu akale, kukula kwa nthawi zambiri ukufika masentimita 160, anali olemera kuposa Australopithecus, ubongo - 700 masentimita ^3. Mano ndi zala za m'makona chapamwamba mu Homo habilis anali pafupifupi kufanana wangwiro ndi anthu, koma chachikulu pamwamba zitunda ndi nsagwada anamuika kuyang'ana ngati nyani. Kuwonjezera kusonkhanitsa munthu imathandiza iye ankachita nawo kusaka ndi midadada mwala ndi kudulana mitembo nyama akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito ankachitira Kufufuza. Izi zikusonyeza kuti Homo habilis ndi woyamba yotha cholengedwa luso ntchito.

Homo erectus: maonekedwe

Anatomical makhalidwe a anthu akale odziŵika monga Homo erectus, ndi kuwonjezeka zikusintha buku a Chigaza, amene analola asayansi amanena kuti ubongo angafanane kukula ndi ubongo wa munthu masiku ano. Zikope zitunda ndi kamwa aluso munthu anali chachikulu, koma osati monga kutchulidwa ngati kuti analipo m'mbuyomo awo. Kumanga anali pafupi zofanana monga munthu ano. Atafufuza pofukula, Homo erectus anatsogolera moyo wongokhala ndi ankadziwa kupanga moto. Kuli mtundu magulu mwachilungamo lalikulu m'mapanga. Ntchito yaikulu ya Homo habilis anali kusonkhanitsa (makamaka akazi ndi ana), kusaka ndi kupha nsomba, kupanga zovala. Homo erectus pakati woyamba kuzindikira kufunika stockpiling chakudya.

Neanderthal: malongosoledwe a maonekedwe ndi moyo

Akalewa anaonekera zambiri pasanafike akapolo anzawo akale - pafupifupi 250 zikwi zapitazo. ndi anthu akale zimene? kukula anafika 170 cm, ndi buku la chigaza ndi - 1200 masentimita ^3. Kuwonjezera Africa ndi Asia, makolo a munthu ndipo anakakhala ku Ulaya. Nambala pazipita akalewa gulu limodzi anafikira anthu 100. Mosiyana ndi akapolo anzawo akale, iwo ndi maonekedwe achikalekale wa kulankhula, kulola anthu omwe kusinthitsa mfundo ndi kulankhula bwino kwambiri ndi mzake. Ntchito yaikulu ya baba anthu ndinali kusaka. Bwino ulimi wa chakudya kupereka zosiyanasiyana zida: nthungo, nthawi zisonga splinters miyala, amene ntchito monga mipeni, misampha, nakumba pansi pamtengo. Zipangizo chifukwa (khungu, khungu) akalewa ntchito popanga zovala ndi nsapato.

Cro-Magnons: chomaliza mu kasinthidwe wa munthu wosazindikira

Cro-Magnon kapena Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens) - uwu ndi u- kudziwika kwa sayansi wa munthu wakale, amene kukula wafika 170-190 masentimita kunja kufanana kwa mtundu wa munthu wosazindikira ndi anyani anali pafupifupi imperceptible, monga kuchepa nsidze ndipo m'munsi nsagwada kale osati apereke patsogolo. . Zida Cro-Magnon anapangidwa osati miyala, komatunso za mtengo ndi fupa. Kuwonjezera kusaka makolo anthu amenewa ankachita ulimi ndi ziweto mitundu koyamba (analamulira zirombo).

mlingo wa kuganiza pa Cro-Magnon anali kwambiri kuposa akalambula lapansi. Izi zinathandiza kuti iwo kukhazikitsa magulu chikhalidwe amasonkhana. M'malo mwa mfundo kuli ng'ombe anadza kwa dongosolo mafuko ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa zoyamba za malamulo ndi zachuma.