Kodi ang'onoang'ono makwerero. Amene anali gawo la makwerero ang'onoang'ono?

Feudalism monga gawo chilengedwe cha chitukuko cha anthu ali kwambiri pa mbiri. Kachitidwe anaonekera pa sakuyendetsa kale analipo m'mayiko ena mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

The mode latsopano kupanga

Choncho, dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, omwe m'malo mwa dongosolo kapolo anali ndi tanthauzo pang'onopang'ono. Kwakukulukulu zazikulu za anthu akale - amuna ndi akalonga - kulanda nthaka yachonde zilipo, kuwapatutsa mu malo awo. maziko ake anali zigawo zikuluzikulu, zimene unagawidwa mbali ziwiri: Manor kuti Manor ndi midzi ndi osawuka yozungulira. Mbali ya umwini, yoperekedwa kwa mwini, lotchedwa "ankalamulira". Pa nthawi yomweyo anayambitsanso wapadera ankalamulira wolamulira wa dziko, chimene iye anali ufulu kutaya pa nzeru zawo. Apa, kuwonjezera olimapo, kuphatikizanso nkhalango, madambo, madamu.

Kukula lalikulu la chuma amalola kuti apange zinthu zonse za moyo, dongosolo la zachuma anali wa khalidwe mwankhanza, ndi mu mbiri wotchedwa "ulimi ang'onoang'ono". Anthu katundu, amene chuma sikokwanira, angathe kupeza chifukwa kukambirana ndi fief wina. Alimi okhala m'mwemo, anali panokha ndi safunika kunyamula ndondomeko ina ya ntchito mokomera Mr.

Masanjidwe anthu akale

Choncho ananyamuka makwerero ang'onoang'ono, mwachitsanzo, malo a magulu zosangalatsa zomwe zasonyeza udindo awo mmadera. Mtundu uwu wa piramidi pamwamba pa amene anali wolamulira wamkulu, woyamba ang'onoang'ono mbuye wa dziko - kalonga kapena mfumu (malingana boma).

Choncho kodi kusiyana makwerero ang'onoang'ono? Amangoika anafotokoza. Takhala kudzathandiza okhulupirika mfumu amene amadalira ndalama ya utumiki. Ngati mu magawo oyambirira Mutu wa State anawalola kusonkhanitsa msonkho kwa anthu ndi kuwasiya mbali ya wokha ngati mtengo, kenako dongosolo anali bwino. Tsopano mkulu wa ulamuliro wake anapatsa atumiki ake - aang'ono - gawo, kumene kuli yozungulira anthu.

umwini Land anali cholowa, koma woyenerera linali overlord, kotero pa nkhani ya chigololo m'manja achotse chuma. Mu nkhani yaikulu ya mfumu komanso anali atumiki amene anayenera kuzilandira. Mafumu ang'onoang'ono zigawo zawo anawapatsa dziko angapo serfs. Kukula kwa ziwembu pafunika za kufunika munthu uyu kwa overlord.

Kenako rung pansi pa zigawo ang'onoang'ono anali Ankhondo yosavuta amene sanathe kukakambirana atumiki pansi. Ndipo m'munsi mwa piramidi ndi "injini" a dongosolo lonse - ndi serfs. Motero, anthu amene analowa makwerero ang'onoang'ono anali zigawo zazikulu za anthu akale.

mfundo European dongosolo lonse

Ang'onoang'ono masitepe, kapena (mu china) wolowezana anali okhwima dongosolo. Iwo anali pafupifupi kwina sayenda kulikonse. Anabadwa serf, munthu ndipo anafa, luso kusintha awo chuma chawo chinali kochepa. Izi anapatsa ena kukhazikika kwa anthu akale, kumalire ndi dziko stagnation.

Kukula kwa feudalism ndi pafupifupi ofanana m'mayiko onse. Pachiyambi analengedwa boma lalikulu, lomwe ndi yense mlingo wosiyana wa mafuko ndi mabungwe mafuko. Ndiye madera awa ulamuliro limodzi, kuti andithandize, anakula mphamvu, amene kenako zinachititsa kuti kusafuna kumvera wolamulira wamkulu. mphamvu zakale zikuluzikulu inasanduka "patchwork zoyala", nsalu ku kukula osiyana ndi chitukuko cha zigawo, maukulu, ndi zina mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono.

Motero amayamba nthawi azingokhala boma kamodzi ogwirizana. Large zachilengedwe chuma ang'onoang'ono lothandiza anali ubwino wake. Choncho, mwiniwake anali disadvantageous bwinja alimi chawo, iye anagwirizana nawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Koma anali azisiyana - timapitiriza ukapolo wa anthu.

Ubwenzi chitetezo chokwanira ankaganiza ufulu suzerainty mokwanira, amene ankatanthauza kuti alimi onse chitetezo ndi kumvera. Ndipo ngati chiyambi cha ufulu chopereka iwo kwathunthu, Kenako iwo adzautaya m'malo kuli khola.

Tsankho kusiyana dongosolo

Medieval ang'onoang'ono makwerero anali mokoma ake dziko. Kumasulira m'manja-liege ubwenzi anali osiyana, kunena, France ndi England. Development wa UK Peninsula anapita mosathamanga pang'onopang'ono kusiyana ndi ku Ulaya. Choncho, zonse ang'onoang'ono masitepe ku England zachitika kwathunthu ndi pakati pa zaka zana akhumi.

Kudzera ikulongosola poyerekeza mphero awiri, tingasiyanitsire mkulu ndi wapadera. Makamaka, mu France, anali kulamulira "m'manja mwa m'manja anga - osati m'manja wanga", amene ankatanthauza kupatulana vzaimopodchineniya mu utsogoleri wolowezana ang'onoang'ono. Izi anapereka bata kwa anthu. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, nzika ambiri amadziŵa zimenezi bwino kwambiri kwenikweni, nthawi zina mavuto ndi ufumu.

Mu England iwo anachita kosiyana zosiyana ulamuliro. Chifukwa cha kukula belated ulamuliro wa ang'onoang'ono pano zinthu "m'manja mwa m'manja mwanga -. M'manja mwanga" Kunena zoona, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti anthu onse a dziko ayenera kukhala pansi pa mfumu, kaya Chalk seignorial. Koma ambiri makwerero ang'onoang'ono m'mayiko onse anayang'ana za chomwecho.

Ubale njira umoyo ndi zachuma

Nthawi zambiri, feudalism chakale anagwetsa nthawi ya kugawikana ang'onoang'ono, amene anadziponya Ulaya, kuyambira m'ma chakhumi. Mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu pali njira ya centralization pang'onopang'ono komanso chilengedwe cha mtundu limati pa maziko a zinthu zatsopano kale. Mugone ang'onoang'ono zayambika, koma anakhalabe mu Europe mpaka zaka 16-17, ndipo ngati ife kuganizira Russia, kapena ngakhale pang'ono pamaso pa zana la 19.

The ndondomeko ya centralization, umene unayamba mu Russia m'zaka za m'ma 13, unasokonezedwa ndi nkhondo ya Mongol ankhondowo, chimene chinapangitsa moyo ngati yaitali survivals ang'onoang'ono m'dziko lathu. Pokhapokha chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu 1861, Russia anayamba njira capitalist chitukuko ndi mapazi onse.