Kusintha kwa Cleisthenes, ndiponso kufunika m'mbiri

Mbiri ya Athens, komanso midzi ina zambiri, panali conspiracies ndi coups. Andale ndi nthawi nkhani kusintha. Mapangidwe lotsiriza la izo zifika pa nthawi ya Cleisthenes ulamuliro. Zinali iye amene anakantha lalikulu mafuko otchuka. Iye rewrote dongosolo boma la Athens. Chifukwa cha kusintha wake unakhazikitsidwa demokalase. Komanso, chopereka kwambiri kwa unit wa dongosolo la ndale anayambitsa Solon. Kenako, ife tisanthule mwatsatanetsatane ndendende zomwe zasinthidwa ndi anthu awa. Nkhani adzakhala kupatsidwa makhalidwe a Athens pa nthawi imeneyo.

The vuto pa chiyambi cha BC VI atumwi. e.

Zinali zovuta kwambiri. Free anthu pang'onopang'ono delaminate. Izi lotengeka ndi chitukuko cha kufalitsidwa chofunika ndalama. Chilengedwe ufulu anayamba uka mkangano evpatriadami olemera ndi osauka. pamene woyamba uja anakhala wamphamvu. Unikani wosanjikiza osema wolemera, amalonda ndi nzika. Iwo kuzifuna mphamvu, ntchito kusakhutira eni ang'ono ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe, komanso oimira osauka. Pochepetsa zotsutsana ndi kaphatikizidwe onse wosanjikiza mfulu mmodzi akulamulira kwakukulu kutembenuka amawathandiza. Iwo anayamba Solon - archon, kusankhidwa 594, chaka BC. e. Cholinga chachikulu cha kusinthika ake ndi kuyanjanitsa zinthu zotsutsana mayanjano wogwila ufulu. Mu zinthu wake m'dziko Aatene bwino ngongole. Iye anapitiriza yekha zina mwa zinthu za m'malamulo akale. Enawo yayimitsidwa.

chidwi linaperekedwa kwa ufulu wa Solon. Mwachitsanzo, nzika anapatsidwa kwa alendo amene anakhazikika ku Attica ndi katundu ndi mabanja. Anthu onse anali magulu 4. Lochitira kuchepetsa ndi kufalitsidwa kwa misonkho. The kalasi otsiriza osapatsidwa kulipira konse. The oimira magulu ena adzamtumikira ndi kupereka msonkho mu chikhalidwe chawo. ufulu nzika 'mogwirizana ndi udindo wawo. Solon ananena ndi Amnesty. Tidati tiwonana kwa aliyense kupatulapo opha oukira. zochita zake, iye anayesera kuphatikiza chilungamo ndi ukoma. Mtimayo demokalase lilipo kwa zaka zitatu. Panthawi imeneyi, ine sindinayambe anali kubwereza zimene anachita Solon. Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti palibe kufunika kutembenuka. Kwa zaka zambiri, pakhala zinthu zatsopano mu moyo wa Attica. Cleisthenes kusintha zinali zofunika kwambiri chifukwa lamulo chikhalidwe ndi maulamuliro.

Kusintha mphamvu

History of Ancient Athens ndi lapadera kwambiri. Atamwalira Pisistratus mphamvu anadutsa ana ake, Hipparchus ndi Hippias. Komabe, choyamba anadzipereka kwa luso ndi mabuku. Gippy komanso chinkhoswe mu amchigulu. Peisistratos analipo mu ulamuliro wa wakhala kwambiri. The 514-mamita BC Chiwembu unachokera mu Aatene anthu apamwamba. cholinga chake ndi kuthetsa nkhanza. achiwembuwo awiri - Aristogiton ndi Garmdiem - anali Pofuna kuthana ndi olamulira pa chikondwerero. Komabe, iwo anakwanitsa okha kupha Hipparchus. Hippias, wopulumuka, anabweretsa pa otsutsa chitsutsocho nkhanza. Ngakhale ambiri a ku Atene anayenera kusiya dziko lakwawo. Kukumbukira Aristogiton Harmodius yaitali akulemekezedwa Democrats.

zinthu mfundo yachilendo

malo A umene unachitikira Hippias, anali m'malo ovuta. Iwo anali limodzi ndi mavuto yakunja. Ndi BC 519-TH. e. kuti Athens anali Ufumuyo kavalidwe - Boeotian tawuni malire. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali yopuma ndi Thebans. Pa nthawi yomweyo kwambiri wofooka Argos - wakhala angakuthandizeni wa Pisistratus. Koma osagwirizana Sparta M'malo mwake, kulimbitsa ndi kulimbikitsa udindo wawo. Mwazina, Athens kuugwira wa m'mavuto, anali anawoloka mu munda wa Achaemenids.

Kuwonjezeka zinthu

Pisistratidov anakana mphamvu ya atsogoleri a malonda ndi mayanjano luso ndi otchuka. Adani a abale anali kuthandiza mabwalo lolemera wa Sparta ndi a Delphic masomphenya, amene anali ndi chikoka chachikulu. The 510-mamita BC Sparta analowa mumzindawo ndipo anayendetsa Hippias.

Mpikisano wa mphamvu

Pambuyo athamangitsidwe wa Hippias anayamba nkhondo pakati Paralia ndi evpatriadami. Pa mutu wa otchuka anaima Isagoras. Iwo adamuthandiza Cleomenes - wovutika mfumu. Chifukwa cha kukumana kwa mzinda anachotsedwa Cleisthenes. Iye anali wa Alcmaeonidae kuti VII m'ma BC Tinali wotembereredwa. chifukwa anali nkhondo ya mtundu ndi ufumuyo Cylon, pa zimenezi anachita mwano kachisi wopatulika. Ndi mzinda Klisfenom anakakamizika kusiya mabanja wina 700 gulu lake. Kuika patsogolo pa bolodi Isagoras Sparta ankafuna kuti abwezeretse mphamvu ya anthu otchuka a mafuko. Komabe, anthu a Attica anasonyeza kusakhutira. Athens msanga wodzazidwa ndi osawuka, amene pamodzi ndi anthu a m'tauni zokhoma ndi Sparta, ndi owatsatira awo kudela Acropolis. Chifukwa, eupatrides anali kuti adzipereke, ndi Cleomenes anauzidwa kuti achoke mumzindawo. Cleisthenes anabwerera ndipo anasankhidwa kukhala nthawi wake Solon, archon choyamba. Chochitika chimenechi chinachitika 508th (507th) BC. e. Pa nthawi imeneyo msinkhu wake anali pafupi usinkhu wa zaka 60.

Alowe 508 BC. E:. utsogoleri magawano

kusintha izi Cleisthenes amaonedwa chofunika kwambiri. nzika zonse Attica anagawidwa phylum latsopano. Pamaso pawo panali 4. yekha Aliyense Phil inkakhala 3 phratry. Pa mutu wa yotsirizira anali oimira banja zabwino. Iwo anali kuyang'anira zochitika za moieties mpatuko. Wamba monga mamembala awo ayenera kutsatira ulamuliro andale ndi achipembedzo cha otchuka ndi kuti akathandize pa mabizinezi mosalekeza. Cleisthenes kusintha kwathunthu anaswa chipangizo akale. Anagawa gawolo m'zigawo zitatu. Tsopano Attica analowa mumzindawo, Mzere nyanja komanso dziko mosabisa. Aliyense wa chigawocho anali kugawikana yake. Tsopano, gawo zimapezekanso m'madera khumi ang'onoang'ono. Iwo ankatchedwa Tritt. Kenako anapanga khumi phyla. Aliyense wa iwo anaphatikizapo ku Tritt County. Yonseyi fil zinachitika yekha pa nthawi ya kukavota. Ikani patsogolo ndi anthu 50 boule ndi (tsopano kunali, motero, Bungwe la 500), mmodzi ndi mmodzi - ndi College of strategists 10 (omwe nawonso anali ngati mtsogoleri wamkulu wa ntchito). Komanso popangidwa ndi magulu atatu a asilikali okwera pamahatchi, oyenda ndi amalinyero. Izi kusintha loyang'anira Cleisthenes, monga Aristotle ananenera, anathandizira "chisokonezo" anthu. The malangizo chachikulu cha kusinthika anali yimitsira eupatrides. chipembedzo chokha anatitumiza yemweyo generic filami. Iyi inali, ambiri, dongosolo boma la Athens.

dem

Ichi chinali chachikulu utsogoleri, ndale ndiponso zachuma unit. Demes anali za zana. Iwo anali m'madera lodzilamulira msonkhano wawo, chuma, khoti. Ine mwa iwo ndi meya osankhidwa - demarh. Iye anali ndi yotakata apolisi zokwanira ndi ulamuliro wa utsogoleri. Demarh kuyang'anira kusonkhanitsa msonkho kutsatira mndandanda wa kubereka, ndi yolimbikitsa kwa anthu achichepere. Maere kupita ku ziwalo zina za loweruza lapansi. A malo apadera ndi ufulu wa Atene. ambiri metics zinalembedwa mu kaundula mndandanda demotia. Amenewa anali mbadwa za ochokera kwina ufulu polekezera, ndipo Omasulidwa. Zimenezi anapereka kwa kuchuluka. Mfundo yakuti kugwa mu mndandanda deme zinapatsidwa ufulu.

oletsedwa

Kusintha anapangidwa ndi ufulu wa Atene. M'kupita kwa kusintha kuti wabwezeretsedwa udindo wa juries, ndi boule ndi National Assembly. Kudzera mabungwe awa akhoza amanena ufulu wawo. Ndipo izo zikhoza kukhala nzika iliyonse ndiponso, ngati n'kofunika. malamulo Cleisthenes anali kwenikweni ndi nkhanza za. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali kuchita kwa oletsedwa. Kodi kuwerenga lamulo limeneli Krisfena pachaka, National Assembly kuti anayenera kusankha zinthu zofunika. Kwenikweni ake anali kudziwa munthu mu mzinda, chionekera zake kuti mosavuta kutenga mphamvu manja awo. Ngati msonkhano woyamba anaganiza kuti nzika ndi mu mzinda, msonkhano kachiwiri. Ndi ndondomeko ostarkizma ( "ostracon" - ndi shard). Anthu amene analipo pa msonkhano wa Atene akhoza kusiya crock tchulani munthu woopsa kwambiri. Iwo akhoza kukhala wamkulu wopambana, wandale wotchuka ndi zina zotero. Izo ziyenera kuti tikhoza kukhala wamakhalidwe nzika wamba amene si manyazi yekha. Komabe, National Assembly akhoza kuona zoopsa mumzindawo. nzika uyu anachotsedwa mfundo kwa zaka khumi. banja lake ndi katundu anakhalabe mu mzinda. Atabwerera kwawo, nthawi yomweyo regains maufulu ake. Awa anali kukonza yaikulu ya Cleisthenes mwachidule.

Chipambane demokalase

Kusintha kwa Cleisthenes ku Athens zinamuipira Mgwirizano wa limati Greek. Kumalo amenewa Mphamvu mu manja ake kudziwa kuti, ndithudi, kukhala osamala za "chitsanzo choipa" kwa anthu ake. Mgwirizano wa mabungwe inkakhala Aegina, Sparta, Thebes ndi Chalkida. Alcmaeonidae anayesa kupeza thandizo ku Aperisiya. Iwo ngakhale anali wofunitsitsa kugwirizana kuzindikira ulamuliro wapamwamba wa mfumu. Koma anthu Attica anali m'gulu motsutsa ratification wa pangano. Chifukwa, mu BC 506th asilikali Coalition atalanda dera la Athens. Komabe, iwo anazunzidwa linagonja. Atene anali wokhoza kubweza kumuukira, komanso kuti tiwolokere Euboea ndi Chalcis mbuye. Chifukwa, demokalase lapambana.

pomaliza

Awa ndi kusintha kwa Solon ndi Cleisthenes mwachidule. amuna awiriwa ankakhala nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, onse a iwo inali kwambiri kuti Attica. Kusintha kwa Solon ndi Cleisthenes chinathandiza streamline pa zandale, ndi utsogoleri dongosolo.