German yozunzirako panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri (mndandanda)

Fascism ndi upandu zidzatero mpaka mfundo limodzi. Popeza kulowa nkhwangwa wamagazi a nkhondo Nazi Germany pa dziko, mwazi wosalakwa nambala yaikulu akuvutika.

Magwero a zozunzirako loyamba

Kamodzi mu mphamvu Germany Anazi anabwera - woyamba "fakitale imfa" adayamba kulengedwa. Kundende ina - ndi mwadala okonzeka pakati, anaikira misa amakakamizidwa m'ndende, ndipo akaidi a nkhondo ndi akayidi andale. Dzina lokha, ndipo lero Mzimu ambiri mantha. zozunzirako ku Germany anali mpando wa anthu amene amaganiziridwa kukhala kayendedwe odana lopondereza. The zozunzirako poyamba inali mwachindunji mu ulamuliro wa Hitler. Malinga ndi "malamulo mwadzidzidzi Ulamuliro wa Nazi Pulezidenti ndi kutiteteza ndipo State" anamangidwa pa mizere ya kalekale onse amene anatenga ankhanza Nazi boma.

Koma mwamsanga pamene nkhondo inayamba - mabungwe amenewa akhala makina chimphona kuti kuletsedwa ndi kuwononga chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu. German yozunzirako panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri anadzazidwa ndi mamiliyoni akaidi: Ayuda, achikomyunizimu Zitsulo, Roma, nzika Soviet ndi ena. Zina mwa zifukwa zambiri imfa ya anthu ambiri zofunika kwambiri zinali izi:

• wankhanza mnyozo;
• matenda;
• zinthu osauka;
• kutopa;
• azikagwira ntchito;
• woipa mtima zachipatala zatsopano.

Development a dongosolo mwankhanza

Chiwerengero cha mabungwe kukonza ntchito nthawi inali pafupi 5000. German yozunzirako panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri anali ndi cholinga osiyana ndi mphamvu. Kufalitsa chiphunzitso mitundu 1941 zinachititsa kuti m'misasa kapena "mafakitale imfa", m'makoma a omwe mwadongosolo kupha Ayuda, kenako anthu amene ali zina anthu "otsika". m'misasa ankaikidwa mu madera wotanganidwa a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya.

Gawo loyamba la chitukuko cha dongosolo lino amakhala ndi kumanga misasa ku dera German, amene anali kufanana pazipita ndi magwiridwe. Iwo anapereka kwa yokonza otsutsa ulamuliro wa Nazi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, iwo anali pafupi 26 zikwi akaidi, kwathunthu akachita ku dziko lakunja. Ngakhale mu nthaŵi ya moto kupulumutsidwa antchito analibe ufulu kukhala msasa.

Gawo lachiwiri - ndi 1936-1938, pamene chiwerengero cha akaidi unakula mofulumira ndi kupezeka kwa nthambi yatsopano m'ndende chofunika. Monga mbali ya anthu anamangidwa anali osowa pokhala ndi anthu amene safuna kugwira ntchito. Iwo anagwira mtundu wa anthu kuyeretsedwa ku zinthu odana ndi chikhalidwe chimene manyazi mtundu German. Iyi ndi nthawi ya erection m'misasa ngati odziwika bwino monga Sachsenhausen ndi Buchenwald. Kenako anayamba kutumiza Ayudawo ku ukapolo.

Gawo lachitatu la chitukuko dongosolo anayamba pafupifupi imodzi ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World zimatha mpaka chiyambi cha 1942. chiwerengero cha akaidi kukhala mu msasa wa chibalo ku Germany panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse chinawonjezeka pafupifupi kawiri chifukwa Afalansa ukapolo, Poland, Belgians, nthumwi za mayiko ena. Panthawi imeneyi, chiwerengero cha akaidi Germany ndi Austria ndi zochepa kwambiri kuposa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali m'misasa, anamanga ku madera anagonjetsa.

Pa wachinayi ndi chomaliza gawo (1942-1945) kumadalira kuzunzidwa kwa Ayuda ndi akaidi Soviet nkhondo. chiwerengero cha akaidi ndi za miliyoni 2.5-3.

Nazi bungwe "fakitale imfa" ndi mabungwe ena ofanana m'ndende mu maiko osiyanasiyana a m'madera. The kwambiri pakati pawo ndi yozunzirako anthu ku Germany, mndandanda umene uli motere:

• Buchenwald;
• Halle;
• Dresden;
• Düsseldorf;
• Katbus;
• Ravensbrück;
• Schlieben;
• Spremberg;
• Dachau;
• Essen.

Dachau - msasa woyamba

Mwa oyambirira mu Germany Camp Dachau unakhazikitsidwa, inali pafupi ndi tauni eponymous waung'ono pafupi Munich. Iye anali ngati chitsanzo kwa chilengedwe cha dongosolo tsogolo la mabungwe Nazi ndende. Dachau - kundende ina, amene analipo zaka 12. Izo zinaikidwa nambala yaikulu akaidi German ndale ndi antifascists akaidi, atsogoleri andale ndi olimbikitsa anthu kuchokera pafupifupi maiko onse European.

Mu 1942 pa dera la dongosolo kum'mwera German akuyamba kulengedwa, wopangidwa mwa m'misasa 140 zina. Onse a iwo a "Dachau" ndi dongosolo munali akaidi oposa 30,000, ntchito zosiyanasiyana ntchito yambiri. Mmodzi mwa akaidiwo nkhawa ndi onse amene akudziwika okhulupirira odana lopondereza Martin Niemöller, Gabriel V ndi Nikolai Velimirovic.

Mwalamulo Dachau sichikanayankha kupha anthu. Koma, ngakhale, nambala boma la akaidi amene anafa pali padziko 41.500 anthu. Koma nambala weniweni ndi apamwamba kwambiri.

Komanso wozengereza zosiyanasiyana zatsopano mankhwala ikuchitika pa anthu m'makoma anthu. Makamaka, pakhala zatsopano zokhudza kafukufuku wa chikoka cha kutalika pa thupi la munthu ndi phunziro malungo. Komanso, akaidi ikuchitika mayesero mankhwala atsopano, styptic.

Dachau yozunzirako ndi mbiri zoipa kwambiri, anamasulidwa April 29, 1945 asilikali 7 Army US onyamula Zikuchititsa.

"Ntchito zimakupangitsa iwe ufulu"

mawuwa ku zitsulo bukovok anaika pamwamba pa khomo waukulu Auschwitz Nazi yozunzirako, ndi chizindikiro cha mantha ndi kupululutsa.

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa Zitsulo anamangidwa kunkafunika kulenga danga latsopano amanena. Mu 1940-1941, ku dera la mzinda Polish wa Oswiecim ndi midzi yake yozungulira anathamangitsidwa m'dzikoli onse. Malowa inaperekedwa kwa msasa maphunziro.

Mpheroyi:

• Auschwitz I;
• Auschwitz-Birkenau;
• Auschwitz-Buna (kapena Auschwitz III).

Atazungulira m'misasa yonseyi inali nsanja ndi waya waminga, amene ali pansi voteji magetsi. Zoni kupatulana inali pa mtunda kwambiri kunja m'misasa ndipo dzina lake anali "yofunika".

Akaidi wabweretsedwa kuno mu sitima kuchokera ku Ulaya. Iwo ndiye anali m'magulu 4. Woyamba, wopangidwa makamaka a Ayuda ndi unusable pepala anthu yomweyo gassed.

Oimira wachiwiri kuchita zosiyanasiyana ntchito mu makampani. Makamaka, ndende ntchito chinali ntchito pa fakitale "Buna-Werke," chinkhoswe kupanga mafuta, ndi mphira kupanga.

Gawo lachitatu la akufika latsopano anali anthu amene anali kobadwa nako kuvutika thupi. Izi ambiri anali mapasa ndi atumiki. Iwo anapita "pachimake" kundende ina kwa zatsopano odana ndi anthu ndi yankhanza.

Gulu chachinayi inkakhala akazi anasankhidwa amene anachita monga atumiki ndiponso akapolo la SS. Iwo Zosanjidwa inalandidwa ku kufika akaidi katundu.

Limagwirira wa njira lomaliza la funso Ayuda

Tsiku lililonse mu msasa panali oposa 100,000 akaidi amene anali mahekitala 170 m'dziko m'misasa 300. Iwo ankachita yomanga akaidi woyamba. Nyumba zinali za matabwa ndi ikhali nkhabe maziko. M'nyengo yozizira, malo awa omwe ozizira, chifukwa iwo anali usavutike ndi 2 uvuni.

Nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo mu Auschwitz Birkenau anaikidwa pa mapeto a mayendedwe a. Iwo pamodzi ndi zipinda mpweya. Aliyense wa iwo anamutengera ku ng'anjo 5 patatu. anthuyo ena ang'onoang'ono ndi inkakhala munthu vosmimufelnoy ng'anjo. Onse a iwo ankagwira ntchito pafupifupi padziko koloko. Kuswa akuchita pofuna kuyeretsa uvuni ku fumbi anthu ndi unburned mafuta. Zonsezi zinali zimagulitsidwa ku munda pafupi ndi mwazisiya m'maenje wapadera.

Aliyense chipinda mpweya akhoza kumakhalamo za 2500 anthu, anafa kwa mphindi 10-15. Pambuyo kuti matupi awo anawatengera ku nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo a. Mu malo awo, akaidi ena anali atakonzekera kale.

A ambiri mitembo Nthawi kuwaganizira crematoria, kotero mu 1944 anayamba kuwotcha mu msewu.

Mfundo Zina kuchokera ku mbiriyakale ya Auschwitz

Auschwitz - msasa ndende, mbiri ya womwenso zoyesayesa kugoletsa pafupifupi 700 kuthawa, theka la umene unakwaniritsidwa bwinobwino. Koma ngakhale munthu anakwanitsa kuthawa - yomweyo kuti akawamange onse achibale ake. Iwo anali anatumizidwa ku ndende ntchito. Akaidi, amene anakhala ndi kuthawa ku wagawo munthu, anaphedwa. Mu njira imeneyi ndende msasa ulamuliro tiyeni kuthawa zoyesayesa.

Kumasulidwa kwa uyu "fakitale imfa" unachitika January 27, 1945. 100 oyenda Division pansi General Fedor Krasavina anatenga malo msasa. Moyo pa nthawi imeneyo kunali anthu 7.500 yekha. Nazi pa mthunzi awo kuphedwa kapena kutumizidwa ku ulamuliro wa Hitler kuposa 58.000 akaidi.

Nthawi yathu isanafike sitikudziwa chiwerengero chenicheni cha moyo kuti adzachotsedwa kwa Auschwitz. Kodi miyoyo yambiri amayendayenda akaidi ulipo mpaka lero? Auschwitz - kundende ina, mbiri ya yomwe imakhala ndi miyoyo ya akaidi miliyoni 1.1-1.6. Iye anakhala chizindikiro chisoni upandu choipitsitsa ndi anthu.

Kutetezedwa mapeto ndende ya azimayi

Only chachikulu kundende ina amai Germany anali Ravensbrück. Bukuli linapangidwa kuti ntchito yokonza anthu 30 zikwi, koma pa mapeto a nkhondo panali kuposa 45.000 akaidi. Amenewa anaphatikizapo Russian ndi Polish akazi. A mbali yaikulu anali Ayuda. yozunzirako uyu akazi sanali mwalamulo cholinga akaidi osiyana zikuchitika, koma loletsa ofunda analinso kwina.

Pa chikuonetseratu kuti akazi Ravensbrück anachotsa zonse anali nazo. Iwo kwathunthu anavula, kuchapa anameta ndipo anapatsidwa zovala ntchito. Pambuyo mkaidi izi kufalitsidwa ku m'chipindacho.

Ngakhale asanalowe msasa anasankha akazi ambiri athanzi ndi amphamvu, mpumulo - anawonongedwa. Otsala, anachita ntchito zosiyanasiyana zokhudza ntchito yomanga ndi kusoka pagululo.

Chakumapeto kwa nkhondo, iwo anamanga nyumba imene ankawotcheramo mitembo ndi chipinda mpweya. Lisanaperekedwe, panali kupereka misa kapena osakwatira ngati n'koyenera. Tumizani phulusa anthu monga feteleza pa minda yapafupi kundende wamkazi kapena kungoti anatsanulira mu Gulf.

Zochitika za manyazi ndipo zinachitikadi Ravesbryuke

Zinthu zofunika kwambiri cha manyazi zimachitika manambala, udindo mwagwirizana ndi zinthu mumamva moyo. Komanso Ravesbryuka mbali ndi pamaso pa chipatala, anaikira zatsopano pa anthu. Apa, a ku Germany ikuchitika chiyesedwe cha mankhwala atsopano chisanafike matenda kapena akaidi wopundula. chiwerengero cha akaidi utachepa mofulumira molumikizana ndi kuyeretsa zonse kapena masankhidwe, imene anawononga akazi onse amene ataya luso ntchito kapena zooneka osauka.

Pa nthawi ya kumasulidwa kwa msasa, panali pafupifupi 5000 anthu. Ena mkaidiyo anaphedwa kapena kutumizidwa ku misasa ena ambiri Nazi Germany. Pomaliza, akaidi akazi anamasulidwa mu April 1945.

yozunzirako mu Salaspils

Choyamba, kundende Salaspils analengedwa kuti ali m'menemo Ayuda. Iwo anabweretsedwa uko ku Latvia ndi m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya. Ntchito yomanga choyamba kunachitika ndi akaidi Soviet la nkhondo amene anali ku Stalag 350, ili pafupi.

Kuyambira kumanga pa nthawi Nazi anapha pafupifupi Ayuda onse m'gawo la Latvia, msasa inali sinadzatengedwe ndi achibale. Pa nkhani imeneyi, mu May 1942, m'chipinda chopanda Salaspilsa anapanga m'ndende. Bukuli onse amene adasokera kunena za utumiki ntchito, chifundo ndi maulamuliro Soviet, ndi adani ena a Hitler. anthuwa anatumiza kudzatifera anafa mozunzika. msasa sanali ngati wina aliyense mabungwe ofanana. Panalibe zipinda mpweya kapena crematoria. Komabe, nawonongeka akaidi 10 chikwi.

ana Salaspils

Salaspils yozunzirako malo kumanga ana, amene ntchito kuti kupereka iwo ndi mwazi wa asilikali ovulala German. Pambuyo ndondomeko magazi achire ambiri akaidi zaumbanda anamwalira mofulumira kwambiri.

Iwo anali ku chipinda osiyana ndi akumanidwa ngakhale chisamaliro osachepera achikale. Koma si ozizira ndi mavuto adzaoneni amoyo anali chinthu chachikulu chomwe imfa ya ana ndi kuchititsa zatsopano, chomwe ntchito monga nzika mayeso.

Number akaidi achinyamata amene anafa mu mpanda wa Salaspils, ali oposa 3 zikwi. Ndi ana okha a zozunzirako, amene ali ndi zaka pansi 5. Wa matupi kutenthedwa, pamene ena onse m'manda ku kaboma manda. Ambiri mwa ana anafa chifukwa opanda chifundo ikukoka magazi.

Tsogolo la anthu amene anali ku ndende ku Germany pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, zinali zomvetsa chisoni ndipo atatulutsidwa. Zingatanthauze kuti akhoza kuchita mantha! Pambuyo Nazi amakakamizidwa mabungwe ntchito, iwo anatengedwa wamndende wa Gulag. achibale awo ndi ana anali anazunzidwa ndi adadzikweza wakale akaidi monga "oukira." Iwo okha ntchito pa ntchito yovuta kwambiri ndi ndalama zochepa. Ochepa anakwanitsa kenako kutuluka anthu.

German kundende ina - ndi umboni wa choonadi zoopsa ndi inexorable cha kuchepa kuya kwa anthu.