Provincial kusintha mu 1775. Provincial kusintha kwa Catherine 2

Pofuna kupewa wamba zipolowe, Catherine II mu 1775 anaganiza kusintha zokhudza kayendetsedwe m'deralo. sitepe Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kugawanika bwino dera lonse la Russian Ufumu. Yakhala ogaŵikana mayunitsi utsogoleri, amene anatsimikiza ndi nambala ya otchedwa msonkho malipiro alionse (anthu amene misonkho). Yaikulu awa anali kuchigawo chimenecho.

Kusintha kwa 1708

Malinga ndi lamulo la Peter I 18 December, ufumu lonse unagawidwa zigawo 8: Moscow, Smolensk, Azov, Arkhangelogorodskaya, Kazan, Siberia, Kiev ndi Ingermanland pambuyo pa zaka 2 anadzatchedwa St. Petersburg. Iwo anali kuthamanga ndi abwanamkubwa akusankhidwa ndi mfumu. Pa maudindo apamwambawa mkulu ambiri ankanena olemekezeka aakulu. Iwo amatenga yaikulu asilikali, utsogoleri, ndi zachiweruzo mphamvu. Komanso, iwo amapatsidwa mwayi waukulu woyang'anira chuma cha dera lake.

Mu zaka otsatira akudzawa, pali 3 lalikulu utsogoleri mayunitsi: Riga, Astrakhan ndi Nizhny Novgorod. Provincial kusintha kwa Peter Ine anatambasula kwa zaka zingapo. Mu 1715, ena kusintha anapangidwa kwa m'boma. Iwo inkakhala ku gulu fractional oyang'anira zigawo, amene anali chimayendera mfundo zowerengera, mwachitsanzo. E. Chiwerengero cha mabanja. Mu 1719, mayunitsi utsogoleri anayamba kugawidwa mu zigawo. Kenako, iwo anagawanika. Zotsatira zake zinali zigawo 250, amene amalamulidwa ndi abwanamkubwa.

Tikumbukenso kuti zinasintha pa kayendetsedwe ka ufumu waukulu wa zitsulo monga lamulo la Peter Ine, ndi chaka 1708. The kusintha sankangofunika umalimbana ndi zosabvuta pazipita limagwirira wa kasamalidwe ka dziko. Pa nthawiyo ankaona pafupifupi upainiya.

Catherine cholinga kutembenuza

Pepala lalikulu, lomwe akufunitsitsa kugwira kusintha lotsatira mu Russia, anali chikalata yakuti "Mabungwe a kasamalidwe ka zigawo za Russian Ufumu." Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti madzulo a kusintha anayambika ndi Catherine II, m'dera la dziko, poyerekeza ndi nthawi Petro, kale ambiri m'madera ntchitoyi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ufumu kwa nthawi zonse kuwonjezera m'dziko latsopano.

Provincial kusintha mu Russia, anayambitsa Catherine Wachiwiri anali kusintha m'zigawo 23, zigawo 66 ndipo pafupifupi 180 zigawo. cholinga chake chinali kuonjezera chiwerengero cha malo lalikulu boma. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, chiwerengero kuwirikiza kawiri.

Chigawo

Ufumu wonse unagawidwa zigawo, ndiyeno zigawo za. Zimenezi zikachitika kokha tsiku la boma, mosatengera kuti zinthu kwa ndalama, m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso dziko. Provincial kusintha kwa Catherine 2 ankazunza cholinga chomwecho - atengere latsopano utsogoleri zida za apolisi ndi udindo zachuma.

Kulekana zinachitika pa muyezo kachulukidwe, mwachitsanzo. E. Chiwerengero cha anthu. Choncho, mu gawo lililonse m'chigawo kwawo kwa anthu pafupifupi 400 zikwi, ndi ku mudzi wa -. 30 chikwi. Pambuyo angapo kusinthika kumene kunachitika ku 1728 kuti 1760, umalamulira akale inathetsedwa. Komanso anathetsa kusintha akuzigawo ndi mayunitsi Kupititsa monga zigawo.

kasamalidwe

Pa mutu wa waukulu mayunitsi Kupititsa anali akazembe, amene angapatsidwe kapena kuchotsedwa yekha ndi mfumu. Anathandiza kusamalira maboma azigawo, wopangidwa mwa wapolisi wina ndi awiri a Kenturiyonso. zochitika zachuma ndi ndalama linachititsa Exchequer. Othandizira anakwanitsa madongosolo a chikondi pagulu. kumbali ya anachita ndi maloya awiri loya.

Provincial kusintha kwa Catherine 2 kukhudzidwa ndi maboma chigawo. Kumeneko, nditaima pa mutu wapolisi Zemsky amene anasankha olemekezeka m'deralo. Panalinso matupi gulu, wotchedwa zemstvo makhoti m'munsi. Kuwonjezera mkulu apolisi, ndipo panali kudziunika awiri. Makhoti wamng'ono anali Zemsky apolisi. Ndi udindo wawo kuyan'ana kukhazikitsa dongosolo ndi m'gawo m'manja mwawo zosankha zosiyanasiyana ndi malamulo a matabwa zigawo. Koma m'mizinda pali latsopano positi - mkulu wa apolisi.

Management lalikulu mayunitsi angapo Kupititsa anatengedwera wolamulira wamkulu. Iwo anali atsogoleri aakulu mu zigawo izi, ngati panalibe mfumu yekha, ndipo anali ndi ufulu kulowa miyeso osati modabwitsa, komanso mwachindunji mwayi malipoti ndi mfumu.

Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mphamvu centralized anali chaka zofunika kwambiri 1775. The kusintha akuzigawo ali Chilimbikitsidwabe izo. Choncho kugawa malire a dziko, ndi ambiri anagwirizana udindo wa ndodo yake oyang'anira mu zigawo zonse. Komanso, ndi cholinga chomwecho kukonzanso dongosolo milandu, komanso matupi wapadera apangidwa kuti apolisi ndi ntchito Chilango.

ndi ziŵalo akufuna

Mu 1769, bungwe la Zokonza, anayesera pa mlingo wa maiko kugawanitsa maudindo maboma ndi mabwalo amilandu. Kuchita izi, izo anakonza kuti akonze dongosolo zinayi mlingo, amene anaphatikizapo chigawo ndi zigawo malamulo, zigawo raspravnye Komiti ndi Senate, lomwe ndi khoti la apilo.

Mtawuni tikufuna kusunga mabwalo zigawo za akuluakulu. Komanso, bungwe wakhala inakonzedwa Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira mabwalo - padera kwa anthu wamba ndi olemekezeka. Pa mmodzi wa mamembala a Conference adafotokoza kuti mayesero akhala omasuka ndi anthu. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo anagwirizana ndi chilengedwe cha gulu la zombo. Ndi maganizo amenewa wapawiri ndi kusiya pamapeto pake, kulekana kwa ntchito zotuluka boma. Maguluwo ankadziwa kuti kuteteza mwayi ndi udindo wa nduna anali Zimatheka mothandizidwa ndi makonzedwe alowererepo. Ngakhale izi, ambiri maganizo opangidwa ndi bungwe la Zokonza, akhala anadzetsa wochita, pamene chiyambi cha kusintha zigawo za 1775.

ziwiya kupatukana

Mu 1769, aphungu ndakonza ithe, amene okhudza maziko a ufulu milandu. Izo zimayenera kulenga ena zotengera: kugula amakamba zokhudza ziwongola dzanja zaogulitsa ndi wamalonda; wapadera - anali kuyang'anira mavuto miyambo; chigawenga, apolisi ndi anthu wamba - ankachita "deaneries"; wauzimu - nkhani mkati mpingo zokhudza chilamulo ndi chikhulupiriro; lankhondo - nawo akuluakulu chigawenga zochita bwalo.

Apolisi, chigawenga ndi makhoti yapachiweniweni kuti kugawidwa malinga ndi mfundo Kupititsa - mu m'matauni ndi m'midzi. Onse iwo anali kulowa wamba atatu gawo dongosolo la subordination: m'chigawo - chigawo - chigawo. Amagwiritsidwanso ankadziwa kuti boma la milandu adzatha kuunikira malamulo akubwera kuchokera boma, mwa mawu a yothandiza dziko. Komanso, makhoti a m'tawuni ndi kumidzi zinkayenera kuti zichitidwe ndi osankhidwa ndi litigation - lotseguka. Onse maganizo awa anapanga ndi Commission pa nthawiyo, zinali zofunika kwambiri kwa adzaimira kusintha milandu ku Russia mu 1775.

Kachitidwe kalasi

Monga tanena kale, kusintha anakhudzidwa osati zida ntchitoyi. kusintha Provincial anakoka iye ndi kusintha mu dongosolo milandu. Iwo osati zomveka komanso kwambiri anagwirizana ndi gulu la Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira maziko.

● makhoti wapadera otchuka ndi inakhazikitsidwa aliyense wa chigawocho. Iwo inkakhala ndi woweruza ndi kudziunika awiri. Amasankhidwa ndi msokhano anthu otchuka m'dera lanu la zaka 3. Mkulu Provincial Makhoti anasewera mbali ya mabwalo a milandu appellate ndi inkakhala m'madipatimenti awiri kuchita zinthu boma ndi zigawenga. Iwo anali okhawo m'chigawo lonse ndipo unali ndi anthu awiri - tcheyamani ndi wachiwiri wake amaikidwa ndi mfumu. Iwo kuchititsa audits ndi kuwunika ntchito za makhoti chigawo.

● Mabwalo a milandu m'munsi m'mizinda kukhala woweruza. mamembala awo komanso osankhidwa ndi mawu a zaka 3. Pakuti awa zombo appellate nthawi anali woweruza zigawo. Iwo wapangidwa ndi wa pa mpando ndi kudziunika awiri 2 kwa anthu a m'deralo.

● Mu m'munsi chigawo woweruza kupulula osauka boma. Pali kumva milandu boma ndi zigawenga. Iwo ankachita akuluakulu amene anasankhidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. Court la apilo chiwawa m'munsi zitsulo pamwamba. Nthawi tapangidwa yekha pa belo, umene unali mu mphamvu kwa sabata imodzi.

● kusintha akuzigawo ndi kukhazikika otchedwa makhoti usilikali. Iwo Anamanganso pa mfundo za Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira. Ena mwa iwo anthu a anthu otchuka ndi m'tauni ndi anthu wamba. mayesero ankamangitsidwa otchedwa ntchito reconciliatory (anathandiza kuthetsa mkangano odzitcha a). Komanso, udindo wawo, ndipo Kuthi wapadera mu ulemu wa milandu anachita ndi anthu amisala kapena ana. Komanso anafufuza ndi milandu ufiti.

● Mu maiko auditing ndi makhoti appellate anali Mlandu Komiti milandu onse zigawenga ndi boma. Iwo kuwunikira zonena kubwera kwa iwo High Provincial makhoti ndi kuphana, komanso akuluakulu a zigawo. Monga ulamuliro, apilo anali limodzi ndi gawo lalikulu zokwanira.

● The Senate anali apamwamba ziwalo zonse za milandu.

Choncho n'chiyaninso chimene chidwi kusintha akuzigawo Catherine 2 (chaka 1775)? Zinali ndiye kuti ulendo woyamba ndi dipatimenti yoyang'anira bwalo chaonekera. Koma iye analephera. Abwanamkubwa adakali chokhoza kusonkhezera kuphedwa kwa ziganizo Mwachitsanzo, pa walekana ndi ulemu, kapena kuphedwa. mapulezidenti Court anasankhidwa mwa akuluakulu, monga oimira zigawo anali ndi ufulu wosankha kudziunika yekha. Nthawi zambiri kubwera ku polisi mzinda. Komanso, amachita ndi chilungamo patrimonial.

ntchito

mfundo kasamalidwe apolisi takambirana pa misonkhano ya bungwe la Zokonza, pamaso pa kuyamba kusintha zigawo. Chaka 1771 zinali zodzaza ndi kumalizidwa kwa ntchitoyo, nkhani yonena za kulengedwa kwa m'madipatimenti apolisi m'mizinda. Anayenera kukhala unit pofuna kuteteza kukhazikika.

Apolisi anali ndi udindo kwa yimitsira zochita zosiyanasiyana za khalidwe loipa. Mwachitsanzo, tingathe kukhala womanizing, ndewu, amaika anasonyeza wamataya, komanso kusala galimoto kapena kulakwila lamulo la pa misonkhano Mulungu ndi zochitika zapadera. Apolisi anali woyenera kulamulira mapwando zosiyanasiyana, penyani malonda m'misika ndi ukhondo wa mizinda, mitsinje, chakudya, madzi ndi ena ambiri. neri Al.

Ndi ntchito apolisi mulinso kumenyana moto, akuba, ndi amwendamnjira, misonkhano chinsinsi ndi troublemakers ena. Komanso malamulo malamulo malonda ndipo zili odyera. Komanso, ntchito apolisi m'gulu kulamulira misonkho, mapulani a m'tawuni ndi gulu la zochitika zosiyanasiyana.

apolisi

kusintha Provincial anayamba Catherine 2. chaka 1775 anapereka kwa chilengedwe cha nambala apolisi wapadera. Koma ntchitoyi ndi "hayala wa deanery ndi" inatenga zaka 6 zokha. Chaka chotsatira, izo lofalitsidwa. Mpheroyi chaputala 14 ndi 274 nkhani. hayala Izi amasonyeza dongosolo ya apolisi, kachitidwe kawo, mbali yaikulu ya ntchito, komanso mndandanda wa zinthu zomwe ali chilango.

yazamalamulo ulamuliro wa bungwe la mzinda linakhala deanery. chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito ake anali Rathmann alangizi, apolisi nawo milandu onse zigawenga ndi boma, meya (kapena mtsogoleri wamkulu) ndi mkulu wa apolisi.

Pakuti mayiko, mzinda wonse unagawidwa kumpanda ndi mbali (gawo zinachitika chiwerengero cha nyumba). apolisi dipatimenti mkulu wapolisi anali mbali ndi kotala choyamba - woyang'anira. Onse sukulu anali "Table a maudindo." Iwo anatenga apolisi akuluakulu zigawo. Ndi iwo amene asankha mafunso onse zokhudza kuchepetsa kapena kopita maudindo. Apolisi ku likulu onse olamulidwa kokha chifukwa wanyumbayi.

zolakwa

The "hayala wa khalidwe" anali anatchulapo zingapo zolakwa ndi ziletso, amene ayenera kukhala woyang'anira apolisi. Nawa ena mwa iwo:

● zochita zokhudzana sanali malamulo ndi apolisi;

● Ntchito umalimbana ndi kulambira chikhulupiriro Orthodox, ndipo wonse;

● ziphuphu

● zochita kuti akuphwanya kukhazikika kwa dziko;

● zochita otsutsana ndi malamulo a zochita, monga njuga, zithunzi mukulakwitsa, kuledzera, kutukwana, nyumba popanda chilolezo, zosayenela;

● upandu ukuperekedwa dongosolo alipo, katundu wa munthu ndi ena.

Apolisi ali ndi ufulu kugwira ntchito kwa ophwanya wa ziletso yekha kwa zolakwa ochepa Mwachitsanzo, likhale cholowa oletsedwa zida, kuba katundu, ntchito ndi ziphunzitso, kuphwanya malamulo miyambo, ndi zina zotero. D. Koma ambiri a apolisi onse nawo pofufuza kuyambirira ndi kulanda wotsatira zakuthupi anasonkhana m'makhoti. Chinthu chokha chimene icho chinachita ntchito, kotero izo ziri ndi milandu ndale. Chifukwa chaichi, panali matupi ena.

Provincial kusintha kwa Catherine 2 chinathandiza kulekana kwa akuluakulu wamkulu ndi zachiweruzo. magulu onse, kupatula linga, anayamba kutenga mbali mwakhama kwambiri mu ulamuliro m'deralo. Komanso bwalo wake unakhazikitsidwa aliyense wa iwo. Komanso, kusintha akuzigawo kutha kwa ntchito pafupifupi onse makoleji. Kuchotserapo anali kokha zofunika - zakunja, Kumenyana ndi Admiralty. Udindo matabwa lithe asamukira akuluakulu zigawo.