Kozlov Petr Kuzmich - Russian kafukufuku Mongolia, China ndi Tibet, membala wa Great Game: yonena, atulukira, mphoto

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich (1863-1935) - Russian wapaulendo, wofufuza wa Asia, mmodzi wa mamembala wakale wa ku Great Game. Iye anali membala aulemu wa Russian Society Geographical, membala wa Academy Ukraine Sciences ndi mmodzi wa biographers loyamba la Przewalski. Lero tiona pa moyo ndi ntchito za munthu ameneyu mwatsatanetsatane.

ubwana

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, chidwi mfundo ndi moyo tikambirana wobadwa October 15, 1863 m'tauni yaing'ono Dukhovshchina za thupi m'chigawo cha Smolensk. Mayi wa wapaulendo tsogolo nthawi zonse kuchita ulimi. bambo ake anali kuchita bizinesi yaing'ono. Makolo kulabadira pang'ono kwa ana ndi sankasamala za maphunziro awo. Chaka chilichonse, bambo a Peter anayendetsa ng'ombe ku Ukraine kwa industrialist olemera. Pamene Petro anali okulirapo pang'ono, iye anayamba kupita ndi bambo ake. Mwina Pamaulendo amenewa, mnyamata anagwa mchikondi ndi ulendo woyamba.

Petr ros pafupifupi kaya banja. Kuyambira ali mwana moti mwana kwambiri bukulo. Travel nkhani mnyamata akhoza kuwerenga tsiku lonse. Kenako, monga munthu wotchuka, Kozlov adzakhala woumira nkhani ubwana wake, zikuoneka chifukwa cha kusowa zidindo omveka.

achinyamata

Ndili ndi zaka 12, mnyamata imatumizidwa ku sukulu kwa zaka zinayi. Titamaliza ake mu zaka 16, Peter anayamba kutumikira mu ofesi ya yofululira moŵa, amene ali pamtunda wa makilomita 66 kuchokera kwawo. Uninteresting ntchito wonyong'onya sunawakhutitse chidwi amphamvu mnyamata. Iye anayesera kudzifunsa ndipo anaganiza zolembetsa Institute ndi Mphunzitsi.

Atatsala pang'ono izi, mabungwe zosiyanasiyana za sayansi, za mtunda utumiki boma ku England, Germany, France, Japan ndi China anayamba mwakhama kufufuza Asia. Pasanapite adamulowetsa ndi Russian Society Geographical, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1845. Big masewera wadutsa kuchokera ku kukangana asilikali mtundu sayansi. Ngakhale mu nthawi pamene Kozlov ntchito akavalo msipu pa meadows wa Smolensk, countryman wake Nikolai Mikhailovich Przewalski anali kale pa masamba a manyuzipepala ndi magazini. Youth nsangala kuwerenga malipoti chidwi, wofufuza kuyenda ndi anyamata ambiri amalota kubwereza zochuluka wake. Kozlov kuwerenga za Przhevalsky mwakhama makamaka. Nkhani ndi mabuku kunachititsa kuti chikondi kwa Asia ndi chizindikiro cha wapaulendo ikulowa mu malingaliro a Peter chifanizo cha Fairy-nthano ngwazi. Komabe, mwayi wa anyamata ndi tsoka ofanana anali, kuziyika izo modekha, pang'ono.

Ankadziwa Przheval'skiy

Mwangozi, Kozlov Petr Kuzmich kamodzi anakumana fano lake. Izo zinachitika m'chilimwe cha 1882 pafupi Smolensk, m'mudzi wa Sloboda, komwe pambuyo ulendo wotsatira chinaima pa chuma chake wotchuka kudzagonjetsa Asia. Kuona madzulo m'munda deliberating mnyamata, Nikolai Mikhailovich zokapempha iye chifukwa iye anali mokhudza za. Kutembenuka ndi kuona fano lake, Peter anasangalala kwambiri. Pang'ono mpweya, iye anati wasayansi funso lake. Iwo likukhalira kuti Kozlov ndinali kuganiza za chimene waona nyenyezi Tibet ngati owala kwambiri ndipo n'zokayikitsa kuchitika konse izi munthu. Apaulendo tsogolo anati Przhevalsky ndi mtima koteroko, kuti analibe ngakhale anadodoma, anamuitana kuti mafunso.

Ngakhale kusiyana mu msinkhu ndi chuma chawo m'mbali anali congenial kwambiri. Wasayansi anaganiza bwenzi wakeyo chifundo ndi sitepe ndi sitepe kubweretsa mu dziko kuyenda akatswiri. Pakati Kozlov ndi Przheval'skiy kenako anamenya mpaka ubwenzi oona mtima. Ataona kuti Peter kwathunthu anapatsidwa mlandu, zimene wasayansi anali moona mtima zoyenera, anatenga udindo mbali mu moyo wa mnyamatayo. M'dzinja 1882, Nikolai Mikhailovich bwenzi wamng'ono anadzipereka kuti asamukire iye kunyumba ndipo izo inapita patsogolo kuphunzira. Moyo Manor fano ankaoneka maloto Kozlov a fairytale. Iye anagwidwa mu chithumwa nkhani yosangalatsa ya moyo zosokera, komanso ukulu ndi okongola a Asia. Pamenepo Petro anatsimikiza kuti payenera kukhala bwenzi Przewalski. Koma choyamba anafunika kupeza maphunziro zonse sekondale.

Mu January 1883 Kozlov Petr Kuzmich mayeso kwa kwathunthu mu sekondale sukulu. Ndiyeno iye anali kudutsamo usilikali. chakuti Nikolai Mikhailovich anatenga gawo la ulendo gulu lake, ndi okhawo omwe ali ndi maphunziro a asilikali. Pa iye anali ndi zifukwa zingapo cholinga, mkulu pakati pawo - kufunika amawateteza kuukira onyamula zida a mbadwa ya. Nditatha miyezi itatu, Peter Kuzmich anali m'gulu la ulendo chachinayi Przewalski. Chochitika ichi ndi ngwazi ya taphunzira adzakumbukira moyo wonse.

ulendo oyamba

Kozlov ndi ulendo oyamba mu ulendo Przewalski chinachitika mu 1883. cholinga chake chinali kufufuza North East Turkestan ndi Tibet. ulendo uno anali kwa Kozlov chidwi ntchito. Motsogozedwa ndi Mlangizi waluso ndipo iye steeled kuti kafukufuku izi. Tom chinathandiza chikhalidwe aakulu a ku Central Asia ndi polimbana numerically kuposa am'deralo lapansi. Ulendo woyamba wapaulendo novice, ngakhale changu chake onse, olemera kwambiri. Chifukwa ofufuza mkulu chinyezi anali nthawi zambiri kukhala zovala yonyowa. Zida amenable kuti dzimbiri, katundu mofulumira kupeza yonyowa pokonza ndi zomera anasonkhana kwa herbarium, anali kovuta kuti ziume.

Izi zikachitika, Peter Kuzmich anaphunzira kuwombera mtunda zithunzi, kudziwa kutalika ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, kuonerera kufufuza za chilengedwe, imene imakhudza anapeza mbali yake yaikulu. Komanso, anakumana ndi gulu la msonkhano aboma mu nyengo zovuta. Malinga ndi mlendo, kuphunzira Central Asia anakhala iye muuni wotsogolera, yomwe ndiyo moyo wonse wa mtsogolo.

Homecoming

Kunyumba pambuyo 2 wazaka ulendo, Kozlov Petr Kuzmich anapitiriza kukhala mofulumira malangizo anasankha. Iye kumatheka ukatswiri wawo m'munda wa sayansi zachilengedwe, ethnography ndi zakuthambo. Pafupifupi asanawatumizire maulendowa lotsatira, Peter Kuzmich anapangidwa wapolisi, maphunziro St. Petersburg usilikali School.

Maulendowa yachiwiri

Mu kugwa kwa 1888 Kozlov pa ulendo wake wachiwiri motsogozedwa wa Przewalski. Koma pachiyambi cha ulendo, mu Karakol Mountain, pafupi ndi nyanja ya Issyk Kul-Wofufuzayo kwambiri NMPrzhevalsky anadwala kwambiri ndipo anamwalira patapita nthawi yochepa kenako. Malinga ndi pempho kufa kwa mlendo, anaikidwa pa gombe la nyanja ya Issyk-Kul.

ulendo The inayambanso mu chaka cha chaka chamawa. mutu wake anaikidwa msilikali M. V. Pevtsova. ulemu Last anatenga lamulo, ngakhale adadziwa kuti m'malo Przewalski iye sakanakhoza kwathunthu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, anaganiza kufupikitsa njira, Kulekezera kuphunzira Chinese Turkestan, Dzungaria ndi gawo wakumpoto wa ku Chitibeta Plateau. Ngakhale kuti ulendo anatembenuka udzachepetsedwa, gulu anatha kusonkhanitsa voluminous mbiri komanso malo chuma, gawo waukulu amene anali Petru Kozlovu, makamaka zikugwira kuphunzira East Turkestan.

Maulendowa lachitatu

Ulendo wotsatira Kozlov chinachitika mu 1893. Panthawi imeneyi, ndawala kafukufuku anauzidwa V. I. Roborovsky wozengereza kamodzi ntchito za wachiwiri kwa mkulu Przewalski. Cholinga cha ulendo uno anali kufufuza ngodya kumpoto kum'mawa kwa Tibet ndi lokwera Nan Shan. Pa ulendo uno, Peter Kuzmich chidakupangitsani paokha kafukufuku malo ozungulira. Nthawi zina anayenera kupita yekha ku makilomita 1000. Pa nthawi yomweyo anasonkhanitsa gawo la mikango wa Zoological kusonkhanitsa ulendo wa. Pamene V. I. Roborovsky theka anayamba kudandaula za umoyo, Kozlov adauzidwa kutsogolera maulendowa. Iye anathana ndi ntchitoyo ndipo anabweretsa choncho mpaka mapeto. Kunyumba, wofufuza zokambidwa lipoti, amene lotchedwa ndi "Lipoti wothandizira mkulu wa maulendowa P. K. Kozlova."

Choyamba palokha ulendo

Mu 1899, apaulendo anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu wake paudindo mutu wa ulendo wa. Cholinga cha ophunzira ankadziwa Mongolia ndi Tibet. Ulendo anatenga anthu 18 anapezekapo, umene ofufuza 4 yekha, onse - ndi convoy. njira akuyamba pa Altai siteshoni positi lili Mongolian malire izo. Kenako anathamanga kudutsa nyumba Mongolian Altai, Central Gobi ndi Kama - madera pafupifupi unexplored kum'mawa mbali ya Chitibeta Plateau.

Mwa kufufuza mu umalandira kumtunda kwa mtsinje Yellow, Mekong ndi Yangtze-Jiang, mamembala ulendo mobwerezabwereza anakumana ndi zopinga zachilengedwe ndi olusa mbadwa. Komabe, iwo anakwanitsa kusonkhanitsa orographic wapadera, miyala, nyengo Zoological ndi zipangizo botanical. Apaulendo kumvetsa pa moyo wa pang'ono odziwika mafuko East Chitibeta.

Mongolia Russian kafukufuku amene anatsogolera ulendo, ankalemba nkhani ya zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe monga kunama pamalo okwera mamita 3200 ndipo ali ndi circumference wa makilomita 385 cha Qinghai Nyanja; headwater Yalong Mtsinje ndi Mekong, komanso nsapato zitunda Kunlun machitidwe amene anali sankadziwika kuti sayansi. Komanso, Kozlov anapanga essays kwambiri cha moyo wa anthu ndi chuma cha Asia Central. Pakati pawo chionekera za miyambo Tsaidam asilikaliwa.

Kuyambira maulendowa Mongolian-Chitibeta Kozlov anabweretsa zosonkhanitsira wochuluka nyama ndi zomera za m'madera ankafufuza. Paulendo umenewu, sanangowamvera kuthana ndi magulu okhala ndi zida za anthu wamba, amene chiwerengero anafikira anthu 300. Chifukwa chakuti msonkhano unatha zaka pafupifupi ziwiri, ndi St. Petersburg adamva kuti kulephera kwake kwathunthu ndi imfa. Koma izi sizinalepheretse Kozlov Petr Kuzmich. Book "Mongolia ndi kamera" ndi "kamera ndi njira kumbuyo," anafotokoza ulendo uno. Pakuti ulendo zipatso Kozlov analandira golide Mendulo wa Russian Society Geographical. Choncho Big Game ali Nkhoswe ina yowala.

Mongol-Sichuan ulendo

Mu 1907, ndi membala aulemu wa Russian Society Geographical, anapita ulendo wake wachisanu. nthawi ili njira n'kutha Kyakhta kuti Ulan Bator, ndiye zigawo pakati ndi kumwera kwa Mongolia, Kukunor m'dera ndi potsiriza, kuti kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Sichuan. Kwambiri kupeza kwambiri anali anapeza mu Gobi chipululu zotsala za mzinda akufa a Hara-Hoto, amene yokutidwa ndi mchenga. Pa yomanga mumzinda anapezeka mu laibulale ya mabuku zikwi ziwiri, gawo la mkango umene zinalembedwa boma Si Xia, amene pambuyo kunapezeka kuti chinenero Tangut. kupezeka kunali kwapadera, chifukwa palibe owonetsera zakale ena padzikoli chopereka lalikulu la mabuku tungutskih. Apeza ku Hara-Hoto kusewera yofunika mbiri yakale ndiponso zachikhalidwe udindo, monga zimaonetsa zimasonyeza mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha boma lakale la XI Xia.

Mamembala a ulendo anasonkhana yaikulu ethnographic chuma cha anthu Mongolian ndi Chitibeta. chidwi iwo analipira kwa masiku amakedzana Chinese ndi Chibuda mpatuko. Komanso zambiri Zoological ndi botanical chuma anali anasonkhana. Special anapeza kafukufuku ndi mndandanda wa woodcuts mabuku kusindikiza ndi zithunzi, omwe ntchito kwa zaka pamaso oyambirira kusindikizidwa mu Europe.

Komanso, Hara-Hoto opezeka zosonkhanitsira dziko okha a banknotes pepala XIII-XIV zaka. Komanso zakale Hara-Hoto anabweretsa kwambiri a mitundu yonse mafano, kanjedza mpatuko ndi mazana zithunzi Chibuda pa silika, nkhuni, pepala ndi nsalu. Zonsezi anadza pa Academy of Sciences owonetsera zakale ndi Mfumu Alexander III.

Pambuyo kudziwika ndi kuunika bwinobwino mzinda akufa ziwalo ulendo anakumana ndi Qinghai Lake, kenako pang'ono odziwika m'dera la Amdo unali mu unakhota wa Yellow Mtsinje.

Ulendo uno, Russian wofufuza wa Mongolia wakhala kamodzinso anabweretsa zosonkhanitsira wachuma wa nyama ndi zomera, mwa amene anali mtundu watsopano, ndipo ngakhale genera. The zotsatira za ulendo wasayansi anafotokoza m'buku lake "Mongolia ndi Amdo ndi mzinda akufa a Hara-Hoto", zimaikidwa mu 1923.

kusunga Security

Mu 1910, Wofufuzayo anali kupereka lalikulu golide Mendulo ya English ndi Chitaliyana Society Geographical. Pamene Russia anachita yoyamba ya padziko lonse, msilikali Kozlov anasonyeza kuti akufuna ndikhale wa asilikali. Iye anakana ndipo anatumizidwa ku Irkutsk Chief Maulendo kwa zogula nazo ng'ombe nkhondo.

Pa mapeto a October kuukira boma, kumapeto kwa 1917, Mongolia kafukufuku, China ndi Tibet, umene panthawi imeneyo unali kale Major General, Mtsogoleri Askania Nova m'chigawo Tauride. Cholinga cha ulendo - kukhazikitsidwa kwa njira pofuna kuteteza malo otetezedwa a steppe ndi Gdańsk Zoo. Yosalekerera palibe mphamvu, wasayansi wachita zonse n'zotheka kuteteza wapadera zachilengedwe chipilala. Mu October 1918, lipoti ku nduna ya Education kuti Askania Nova ndi opulumutsidwa dziko lake wapatali anakhalabe wawo. Chitetezo zina za malo, adawafunsa kuti umasamutsidwa ku Academy of Sciences ya Ukraine ndi kupatsidwa mwayi kuti apeze 15-20 odzipereka. Pankhaniyi, Kozlov anapempha pansi udindo wake 20 mfuti, sabers ndi revolvers, komanso chiwerengero makatiriji kwa iwo. Kumapeto kwa 1918, pa nthawi makamaka kovuta wa Civil nkhondo, chifukwa cha khama la Major-General Kozlov, pafupifupi 500 anthu anali kugwira ntchito mu malo a.

Maulendowa latsopano

Mu 1922, utsogoleri Soviet anaganiza bungwe kukaona ku Central Asia, kumene anaikidwa mutu wa 60 wazaka Kozlov Petr Kuzmich. Traveler Mkazi - katswiri Elizaveta mwamuna woyamba anali kampani ulendo wa. Ngakhale zaka zake, apaulendo anali odzaza ndi mphamvu ndi chisangalalo. Paulendo wake chimodzi, umene unatha kuchokera mu 1923 mpaka 1926 ofufuza anafufuza gawo kochepa ka kumpoto Mongolia, komanso beseni chapamwamba kwa mtsinje Selenga.

Apanso, apaulendo walandira zotsatira kwambiri sayansi. Mu dongosolo Noin-Ula, anapeza pang'ono kuposa 200 manda ndipo anakhala zofukulidwa awo. Mwamwayi, anali Hun manda zaka 2,000 zapitazo. kupezeka yakale kukhala mmodzi wa aakulu zaka mazana makumi awiri. Scientist pamodzi ndi anzake anapeza zinthu zambiri za chikhalidwe wakale, amene inu mukhoza kutenga chithunzi mwatsatanetsatane za chuma ndi moyo wa Huns mu nthawi: II m'ma BC. e. - I N c. e. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali kusonkhanitsa kwambiri ntchito luso makapeti ndi nsalu Agiriki ndi Bactrian ufumu, amene alipo ku III m'ma BC. e. m'nthawi II AD. e. kumpoto kwa masiku ano Iran, Afghanistan ndi kumpoto-kumadzulo India.

Pamwamba pa phiri Ikhe-Bodo, yomwe ili Mongolian Altai, pamalo okwera mamita 3000, apaulendo adapeza wakale Khan mausoleum.

Komabe, anapeza lapadera kwambiri maulendowa chimodzi Kozlov anali anapeza kumapiri a kum'mawa Khangai manda 13 mibadwo ya ana a Genghis Khan. Iye anakhala woyamba wa ku Ulaya wofufuza amene mbuye wa Tibet. Kozlov nawo kwa iye chilolezo chapadera, imene likufuna kubala thanthwe alonda amateteza njira kwa Chitibeta likulu la Lhasa. Komabe, British kupewedwa malowedwe asayansi Russian mu Lhasa. Membala wa Great Game, Pyotr Kozlov ndipo sanalandire mu mzinda uno. pa lipoti chimodzi cha ulendo, iye lofalitsidwa buku lakuti "Ulendo kuti Mongolia. 1923-1926 "

zinthu zina

Mu zaka makumi Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, kutsegula kwa amene ayamba amadziwika alibe maloto uliwonse wa maulendo ataliatali. Makamaka, anakonza kupita ku Nyanja Issyk-Kul, kuti kamodzinso tiweramitse ku manda a mbuye wake, ndi kusangalala kukongola m'deralo. Koma akatswiri asanu anali pa ulendo watha. Pambuyo atapuma pantchito moyo chete mu Leningrad ndi Kiev. Komabe, nthawi zambiri yocheza ndi mkazi wake, mu chipika nyumba yaing'ono m'mudzi Strečno (50 kukafika ku Staraya Russa).

Kulikonse kumene anakakhala wapaulendo, mwamsanga anakhala otchuka pakati wina. Kugonjera ndi chidwi achinyamata chitsanzo chawo, kafukufuku bungwe mabwalo a naturalists wamng'ono, anayenda mozungulira dziko kupereka nkhani, lofalitsidwa zolemba zake ndi nkhani. Dziko la sayansi adadziwa amene Kozlov Petr Kuzmich. Kutsegula ku Europe ndi ku Asia anamupatsa kuzindikira mabwalo iliyonse. Mu 1928, Chiyukireniya Academy of Sciences anamusankha membala zonse. A Russian Society Geographical kupereka iye Zikho wa N. M. Przhevalskogo. Pakati pa anthu ofufuza a ku Central Asia wa XX m'ma Russian wasayansi ali ndi malo apadera.

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich anafa September 26, 1935 kuchokera sclerosis mtima. Iye anaikidwa pa Smolensk Lutheran manda.

katundu

Ulemu Kozlov otchedwa glacier Ridge Tabyn-Bogda Ola. Mu 1936, polemekeza chikumbutso 100th kubadwa dzina la apaulendo anapatsidwa Dukhovshchina sukulu komweko kumene asayansi ayamba kuzindikira dziko. Mu 1988, ku St. Petersburg Nyumba Museum wapaulendo linatsegulidwa.

Kozlov Petr Kuzmich, kanthawi yonena amene anadza pa mathero, osati moyo m'nyengo ya atulukira kwambiri, komanso analilenga munthu. Iye anamaliza anayambitsa Przheval'skiy Kupha "mawanga woyera" pa mapu Asia. Koma pachiyambi Kozlov, dziko lonse linali ndi iye.