Elizabeth Tudor 1: yonena, mfundo zoweta ndi achilendo. Zimaonetseratu 1 Elizabeth Tudor ndale. Amene akulamulira pambuyo 1 Elizabeth Tudor?

1 Elizabeth Tudor (zaka za moyo - 1533-1603) - Mfumukazi ya England, amene zinthu zimathandiza kuti mapangidwe chifaniziro cha Golden Age. Iye anakhulupirira kugunda pa bolodi ake. Zoweta ndi achilendo Politika Elizavety Tudor 1 wolemera kwambiri ndi chidwi. M'nkhani ino tikambirana za ulamuliro wake, azipereka mbiri yake. Inu mukudziwa, chimene chinali Tudor Elizabeth 1 ndale. Komanso, tidzati mawu ochepa za amene akulamulira pambuyo.

Origin Elizabeth

Mfumukazi tsogolo anabadwa mu Greenwich Palace, yomwe ili ku London lero. Ichi ndi mwambo wofunika kwa dziko anali 7 September 1533. bambo ake anali Henry VIII wa Elizabeth, Mfumu ya England, ndipo mayi - Anne Boleyn. Mkazi uyu anali ndi mdzakazi wa ulemu pamaso pa mkazi woyamba wa Henry. Kuti amukwatire iye, iye analekana ndi mkazi wake, Ekaterinoy Aragonskoy, amene sanathe kumupatsa wolowa, ndipo anatuluka pansi pa ulamuliro wa papa. Mu 1534 Henry VIII ananena kuti mutu wa mpingo English. Anne Boleyn (m'munsimu muli chithunzi cha zithunzi za iye ndi Henry) mu May 1536 anaphedwa, kumutsutsa iye chigololo. Koma vuto lenileni la mkaziyo anali kuti iye sakanakhoza kubala mwana wamwamuna, Henry, wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu.

Tsoka Elizabeth mu ulamuliro wa Edward VI

Elizabeth mu nthawi ya pakati pa imfa ya bambo ake, komwe kunachitika mu 1547, ndipo inalowa wake wachifumu anali choyesedwera, kumene kumene, zomwe chikhalidwe chake. Mu ulamuliro wa Edward VI wa theka-m'bale wake, amene analamulira kuchokera 1547 mpaka 1553, Mfumukazi m'tsogolo mosadziwa nawo chiwembu, Ambuye asilikali Thomas Seymour. Nsanje Eduardu Seymuru, mbale wake, pa ochepa Edward VI anali mtetezi wa ufumu, Thomas zinthu zina mosasamala angapo. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti iye ali kukonza zoti chiwembu d'etat. Plan Thomas anakwatira Elizabeth anakhala pamwamba pa kusasamala. Mkwati analephera January 1549 anatimanga.

Mu ulamuliro wa Mary ndi Elizabeth tsoka

Mu ulamuliro wa Mary I Tudor, mwachitsanzo, panthawi kuchokera 1553 mpaka 1558, Elizabeth Anapachikidwa pa ngozi yaikulu. Mary akubwera theka mlongo wa mfumukazi m'tsogolo. Pamene Henry linatha Catherine, mayi ake, iye anali kale mu wamkulu mokwanira kuzindikira manyazi kugwirizana nazo. Maria anakhala an'kanthunthumira Catholic, anachita proispanskih chisoni ndi mkwiyo pa mwana wamkazi Anny Boleyn.

Atakwera pa mpando wachifumu, Maria ankaimba ukwati kwa Filipo, amene anali wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu Spanish. Izi wafunsira ambiri ziwembu. Zofunika kwambiri zikhoza kuonedwa ngati chochitika mu kuwukira January 1554 Thomas Wyatt a. Ngakhale Elizabeth zikuoneka anatsanzika m'chipembedzo cha Katolika kachiwiri koyamba boma, Achiprotestanti sanaleke ikani ziyembekezo zawo anali naye. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kuli kwambiri anali kuopseza Elizabeth Mary (chithunzi chake chili m'munsimu).

Mfumukazi m'tsogolo pambuyo kugalukira Wyatt anamangidwa kenako anaika mu Tower. Apo iye anali kucheza miyezi 2. Elizabeth ndiye chaka wakhala moyang'aniridwa pafupi Woodstock, wapafupi Oxford.

Kulowa ufumu. Funso dongosolo mpingo

1 Tudor Elizabeth anabwera wachifumu 17 November 1558. Pa msonkhano wa nyumba yamalamulo unachitika mu January chaka chamawa, funso anaukitsidwa za kukonza Mpingo. Mfumukazi anali wokonzeka kupatukana papa wa ku Roma ndi Church of England, koma m'mbali zina ndimati zinthu mzimu ndiwofatsa mosamala kwambiri. Nyumba ya Commons ananena za kufunika kwa kusintha kwakukulu ndi wotsimikizika. Elizabeth wakonda Episcopal mpingo bungwe ndi utumiki anavomera otchedwa mkulu-mpingo. Pomaliza, kukondera ndipo kunatha, wotchedwa kudzera media, amene anawamasulira kuchokera ku Latin zikutanthauza "njira pakati." Elizabeth kusintha kuzindikiridwa mbali ya Church of England, zomwe zinasungidwa kuti tsiku. Komabe, iwo wafunsira wosakhutira ndi Achiprotestanti, ndi Akatolika.

Funso la motsatizana

Yamalamulo, komanso akuluakulu aboma anali poganizira za tsogolo la Chiprotestanti mu dziko. Mfundo yakuti Mfumukazi Elizabeth 1 Tudor ndi wotsiriza wa Tudor mafumu. Monga za ndale ndi zokonda zathu kwachititsa chakuti kuti mpaka imfa yake namwali. Achiprotestanti simukufuna kulola Akatolika wachifumu. Koma Mary Stuart, Mfumukazi ya Chi, amene ali ndi ufulu korona England, chabe Katolika. Ndipotu, Elizabeth yekha. Iwo anaganiza kaye funso la motsatizana. Iwo anatsimikizira kulondola cha ulamuliro Kale (pafupifupi 45 zaka). Komabe, kuuma kwa Mfumukazi kwa nthawi yoyamba anatsogolera chakukhosi pa mbali ya Malamulo kumbali wapafupi alangizi. Izi makamaka khalidwe la 1566.

Relations la England ndi ku Scotland

Patsogolo pa nthawi ino kuchokera ubale England ndi ku Scotland, kumene mu 1559 mofulumiracho. ananena yokha Reformation. Mwambo anthu kutsutsana ndi regent French, Marii Giz, amene analamulira mu dzina la Mary Stuart, mwana wake wamkazi. Mariya Giz anali pa nthawi imeneyo monga wolamulira wa Scotland ndi mkazi wa mfumu ya France. Zigawengazo anatha adzawathamangitsa ndi French kwa dziko, izo anatenga phukusi la Elizabeth. Mu 1562 ndipo kwa nthawi yaitali kuti Mfumukazi kanthu ndale mkati mwa France. Iye anavomereza opanduka Chiprotestanti (Huguenot) chipani. Patapita nthawi, Elizabeth komanso anathandiza Achiprotestanti mu Netherlands, amene analankhula motsutsana ndi Mfumu ya Spain Philip II.

Ubale ndi Mary Stuart

Mu 1561, iye anamwalira François II, mwamuna wa Mariya Stuart. Zitatha izi Mary anabwerera kwawo. Linayamba ambiri kulemekeza maganizo ndi zovuta mbiri ya ubwenzi ndi Elizabeth ake. Mosiyana inawo, Maria sanali States. Iye anachotsa pambuyo kuphedwa Genriha Styuarta, mkazi wake wachiwiri. Mary anali m'ndende, koma iye anakwanitsa kuthawa. Iye anataya otsutsa amene anagonjetsa asilikali ake, ndipo kenako anakafika ku England, anawoloka malire.

Unachitikira mu May 1568 kufika kwa Stuart England zinabweretsa mavuto kwa heroine kwa nkhani ino. 1 Elizabeth Tudor ndale anali ndi vuto. boma zili Mary monga mkaidi, choncho anayamba kukopa kutsutsidwa. Mu England, anayamba distemper, chimodzi mwa zifukwa zomwe wakhala kugwirizana ndi kukhalapo kwa Stuart. Opandukawo kumapeto kwa 1569 anapandukira kumpoto. Mu February 1570 panali ng'ombe papa, imene 1 Elizabeth Tudor anatsimikizidwa kutsitsidwa, ndi nzika zake kumasulidwa ku lumbiro kwa Mfumukazi. Akatolika zinakakamizika kuthaŵa kunja. Iwo zochokera Africa seminare analandira kumene mapangidwe ndipo analeredwa anyamata Catholic ndiyeno anatumiza amishonale ku England. Cholinga cha apapa anali kuchotsa Elizabeth mothandizidwa ndi chipani French a matchalitchi amene amati ndi boma la Spain. Pa mpando wachifumu zinakonzedwa kumanga Mary Stuart.

Yamalamulo ndi atumiki Mfumukazi anayamba kukakamiza malamulo ndi Akatolika, makamaka amishonale. Ridolfi ciwembu Elizabeth anapeza mu 1572. Iwo anali wotanganidwa ndi Mary Stuart. Pambuyo chiwembu izi atumiki ndi parliamentarians adamfunsa koti Mariya woukira boma. Komabe, Elizabeth anaganiza kutipulumutsa, kotero chikhulupiriro sizinachitikebe. Pamene wadutsa chikalata kumana Stewart ufulu wachifumu wa England, Elizabeth woyikidwa veto wake.

Msilikali wa ansembe maseminare kuchokera 1580 anayamba kulimbikitsa Ajezwiti. Spain m'chaka chomwecho anali linalanda Portugal. Kwa nthawi yaitali, Elizabeth anathandiza kupanduka ya Netherlands ndi Spain. Izi, komanso ochitidwa zankhanza British pa madera Spanish mavuto a.

William chete Kupha. Mgwirizanowu Association

Atangoyamba chiwembu anali wamaliseche Throckmorton, mu 1584, inali kudziŵika kuti mu Netherlands, anaphedwa ndi William chete, amene anali wa Chikatolika. English Achiprotestanti anapanga otchedwa Pangano Association. Cholinga chake chinali kuphedwa kwa M. Stewart Ngati adzakhala chiwembucho mfumukazi yawo.

Support cha kupanduka Dutch. Kuphedwa Marii Styuart

Imfa ya William chete anatsogolera chakuti kupanduka Dutch anataya mtsogoleri wawo. Izi kukakamiza Dutch Mfumukazi Elizabeth kutumiza kuthandiza asilikali British, analamula kuti Graf Lester. Izo zinachitika mu chaka cha 1585. Ichi ndi phukusi lotseguka zinali zofanana ndi kulengeza nkhondo.

Yachilendo Politika Elizavety Tudor 1 Kodi singakwaniritse aliyense. Babington chiwembu anali wamaliseche mu 1586. Cholinga chake chinali kupha Mfumukazi Elizabeth ndi ulamuliro wa Mary. Yotsirizira anatenga gawo mmenemo. Iye kuimbidwa mlandu. Malinga ndi chikalata amawatenga yamalamulo mu zaka 1584-1585, iye kuti aphedwe. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1586 zinachitika pa convening nyumba ya malamulo. Iye mobwerezabwereza mobwerezabwereza chofunika chimodzi sasiya kusankha Elizabeth. Mariya anali kudzapereka February 8, 1587.

The sitima za ku Spain

Imfa ya Mary anali kutsogolera otchedwa ogwira Catholic ndi England. Chilimwe sitima za ku Spain mu 1588 anabwera m'nyanja kuti aswe zombo English ndi kuphimba ankafika pa gombe la dziko lino ya Spanish Army. maola oposa 8 zikuluzikulu nkhondo zinatha. Losagonjetseka sitima chifukwa cha izo anagwidwa. Iye anamwazidwa, ndipo pa njira Spain chifukwa cha mkuntho wa, anataya katundu wolemera.

Action ndi Spain

Nkhondo ya pakati England ndi Spain si yokhala analengeza anali Komabe, lotseguka mkangano limati anapitiriza. Henry III ya mfumu ya France, anaphedwa mu 1589. Pambuyo Elizabeth anakokeledwa mu nkhondo pa kutsogolo latsopano. The Catholic League of France, mothandizidwa ndi Spain anatsutsa ulamuliro wa Henry IV wa, ndiye woyenerera kulowa ufumu. Iye anali mtsogoleri wa gulu la Huguenots. Koroleva Elizaveta anathandiza Henry nkhondo.

Izi, mwachidule mfundo yachilendo 1 Elizabeth Tudor. Tebulo, kumene, kodi zinatithandiza kupereka uthenga mwachidule kwambiri. Komabe, Mfumukazi ndi zinthu zina zosangalatsa zimene simukufuna kuti atembenukire ku njira ya kupereka mauthenga. Ife timakhulupirira kuti mu njira yomweyo ayenera kunena ndi mkati Politika Elizavety Tudor 1. Gome pano adzamva chakhala polakwika. Chinachake za ndale mkati mwa Mfumukazi, ife kale anauza. ubwenzi kwambiri chidwi ndi atumiki ake ndi ogwira. Tikupereka inu woyanjana nawo.

Abusa ndi ogwira wa Elizabeth

Mfumukazi anasonyeza kuti anali wokhulupirika kwambiri kwa anamuperekeza wake, amene mwina sankafuna mfumu iliyonse. 1 Elizabeth Tudor, amene yonena ndi pangano khalidwe lake zapadera, kudzikonda ndinatenga onse a atumiki ake. Uilyam Sesil anali phungu choyamba. Elizabeth anadalira pa iye kuposa wina aliyense. Zingapo alangizi ena Mfumukazi anali: Walter Mayldmey, Frensis Uolsingem, mwana wa William - Robert Cecil, ndi Thomas Smith. Amenewa anali amuna a atumiki zapadera. Ngakhale izi, Elizabeth ndinali nthawizonse dona awo ndi mbuye. Izi ndi mfundo yofunika kwa anthu amene ali ndi chidwi ndi makhalidwe a 1 Elizabeth Tudor.

Mfumukazi anali pambali atumiki ndi ogwira. Ziwerengero olemekezeka anali: Christopher Hatton, Graf Lester ndi Robert Devereux, Earl wa Essex. Elizabeth anapitiriza penapake patali Francis Bacon ndi Walter Rayleigh, chifukwa iwo sanali kukhulupirira makhalidwe anthu, koma anali ndi maganizo apamwamba luso lawo.

Kugwirizana ndi Elizabeth Earl wa Essex

Burley, amene anakhala mpaka 1598, ankatanthauza chikoka ndi malo a Robert Cecil, mwana wake wamng'ono. Iye anali waluso kwambiri, koma anali wolumala thupi. Earl wa Essex, ndi achifumu wamng'ono (chithunzi cha zapatsidwa pamwambazi), analankhula motsutsa izo. Pa adani a Cadiz kumene kunachitika mu 1596, ankalandira ndi ziyenera wosyasyalika ndi ulemerero waukulu. Komabe, pamene anasiya okha zokhumba asilikali, Kuwonjezera lamulo, iye anali kumenya nawo nkhondo ndi Cecilia.

Elizabeth anapanga ankakonda Essex, munthu wodekha kwambiri. Ankasirira makhalidwe ake. Komabe, mfumukazi sanali kotero chidwi ndi Essex, kumuthandiza mu kuyesetsa oopsa ndale. Iye mwadala analimbikitsa capamwamba Roberta Sesila, nthawi yomweyo zinthu zimene Essex mu cholinga, kuti udindo wapamwamba ofuna awo. Chinali Politika Elizavety Tudor 1 mu ulemu wa munthu ameneyo.

zingapo kusiyana munthu anatsatira pakati Elizabeth ndipo ankakonda ake. Pamene mfumukazi anamugwira ndi khutu, monga mwaukali anabwerera ake, akufuna kusiya (mu Baibulo lina, ine anamupatsa mbama pankhope). Kuopseza anatenga lupanga lake, ponena kuti sadzalekerera mwano chotero kwa aliyense kuti iye anali womvera, si kapolo.

1599 anali kukwaniritsidwa kwa mbiri ndi Essex. Ndiye Elizabeth analangiza ankakonda kubisa kugalukira inayamba mu Ireland Tyrone. Atalandira zinthu zonse zofunikira ku boma, iye sanamvere malangizo ochokera London. Essex mu ntchito ya ntchito analephera ndipo anapanga osayanjanitsika ndi opandukawo. Ndiye, komanso popanda malamulo, anabwerera England. Essex poyera anasintha boma ziliri pa February 1601. Iye anayesetsa kukweza lonse wa London ndi Mfumukazi. Essex anamuweruza ndipo kenako kuphedwa pa February 25, 1601.

polimbana puritanism

M'banja Politika Elizavety Tudor 1 amakhala ndi chakuti Mfumukazi wasonyeza wokhazikika ndi Puritanism. Iye amaikidwa 1583 Bishopu wamkulu wa ku Canterbury, mdani yaikulu - Yohane Vitgifta. Komabe, kutsutsa sakufuna kusiya. Ena mwa anthu a atsogoleri anaganiza kutembenukira kwa Presbyterianism. Posakhalitsa analenga kayendedwe amene cholinga anali kuwonongedwa kwa oyang'anira. Oyeretsa opareshoni ntchito chikoka mu Nyumba ya Commons ndi levers ena andale. Elizabeth kenako anafunika kuvutika ndi Nyumba ya Commons. Mpaka khumi zapitazi cha ulamuliro wa Mfumukazi chipinda ichi chifundo mwapadera kawiri Oyeretsa. Mu mkangano ndi Elizabeth zonse aphungu anagwirizana. Ndipo adagawana ndi mu maganizo osati pa nkhani ya kusintha kwa Mpingo wa England, komanso ena: kutsatizana a kufunika kwa banja, kulankhulana ndi M. Stewart.

Kufotokoza mwa chidule za ulamuliro wa Elizabeth

Tudor ulamuliro wa Elizabeth 1 anali imodzi mwa nthawi zambiri zazikulu m'mbiri ya England. Kuyambira pachiyambi, Achiprotestanti ankakhulupirira kuti Mfumukazi akugwirabe Providence. Iye anali kulimbana ndi kukula kumuopseza mkati ndi kunja, ndi chikondi cha anthu kwa iye anali kuchulukirachulukira, ndipo inasanduka mpatuko ndi nthawi. Zoweta ndi achilendo Politika Elizavety Tudor 1 ankakambirana kwa nthawi yaitali anamwalira. Ndipo m'masiku awa si zophwetsa chidwi wolamulirayo. Zimaonetseratu 1 Elizabeth Tudor monga chithunzi ndale imachititsa chidwi, osati mwa mbiri yakale komanso anthu ambiri padziko lonse.

imfa Elizabeth

Koroleva Elizaveta anafa pa Richmond Palace, yomwe ili mu London ano. Anamwalira pa March 24, 1603. Ambiri mwina, pa mphindi yotsiriza Elizabeth dzina kapena anatchula m'malo mwake. Iwo anakhala James VI, Mfumu ya Scotland (James I ya England). Ndicho chimene malamulo pambuyo 1 Elizabeth Tudor.

James I

Zaka za moyo wake - 1566-1625. Yakov 1 English anakhala munthu woyamba wa mfumu ya England, woimira Stuart mafumu. Iye anakhala mfumu March 24, 1603 James anakhala mfumu yoyamba, amene analamulira maufumu onse ankakhala mu British Isles, pa nthawi yomweyo. Mphamvu osakwatiwa, United Kingdom nthawi kuti kulibe. Scotland ndi ku England anali mwayekha States, anali kuyang'anira mfumu ndi. Nkhani ya amene akulamulira pambuyo 1 Elizabeth Tudor, palibe zochepa zosangalatsa kuposa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Elizabeth. Koma kuti ndi nkhani ina.