Smolensk Province: zigawo ndi m'midzi

Nkhani ya chigawo choyamba mu gawo la Imperial Russia kunayamba chaka 1708. Mtundu wa gawo analipo mpaka 1929. Mwa njira imeneyi kuti gulu la dera la mayunitsi ang'onoang'ono utsogoleri, monga gulu dera.

Nkhani ya chigawo Smolensk

Pa chilengedwe cha zigawo zisanu ndi zitatu Peter I mu 1708 inakhalapo pakati m'chigawo ena Smolensk. Land mu dera zinali mbali ya limodzi Kupititsa wagawo ndi ili mu gawo Loona za dziko. m'chigawo Smolensk chinakhalapo mpaka 1929, kenako kukhala m'dera m'nyengo ya kukonzanso ku Soviet Union. Mudzi waukulu wa chigawo ankaona Smolensk.

The kulunjika kwa malo a dziko gawo la Imperial Russia anapereka moyandikana ndi ntchito zachuma ndi ambiri a zigawo zina.

Province mphepete mwa mayiko otsatirawa:

• m'chigawo Tver (kumpoto ndi kumpoto kum'mawa);
• Moscow ndi Kaluga (kum'mawa);
• Orel (kum'mwera - kum'mawa);
• Chernigov (kum'mwera);
• Mahileu (kumadzulo);
• Vitebsk ndi Pskov (kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa).

dziko Reformation

Chigawo Smolensk kumene anali pafupifupi ziwiri mizinda. Yaikulu ya iwo: Roslavl, Smolensk, White, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh. Komabe, mu 1713 m'chigawo unatha, mbali yaikulu anapita mbali zigawo za Province Riga.

Ndiyeno, patapita zaka khumi ndi zitatu, wakhala pang'ono. Iwo wapangidwa ndi zigawo zisanu: Dorogobuzh, Belsky, Smolensk, Vyazma ndi Roslavl.
Chinachake Patapita (mu 1775) m'chigawo anali kusintha mu Smolensk kazembe. Chifukwa kusintha Kupititsa anali kulolerana a zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri latsopano: Kasplyanskogo, Elninskaya, Krasninsky, Gzhatsk, Sychevsky, Porechsky, Ruposovskogo. Patapita zaka zingapo Ruposovsky ndi Kasplinsky zigawo anali lidzasinthidwa Yukhnovsky ndi Duhovschinsky. Izo zinali kokha mu 1796 boma reformatted kachiwiri kuchigawo chimenechi.

Mu nthawi kuchokera 1802 mpaka 1918 mu mndandanda wa chigawo Smolensk limapangidwa m'zigawo khumi ndi ziwiri. The gawo laling'ono wotanganidwa Sychevsky - 2825 versts lalikulu.

Administrative Kupititsa chigawo cha chigawo Smolensk:

• Yukhnovsky;
• Vyazemskij;
• Belsky;
• Gzhatskaya;
• Duhovschinsky;
• Elninskaya;
• Sychevsky;
• Dorogobuzh;
• Roslavlsky;
• Smolensk;
• Porechsky;
• Krasninsky.

241 parishi anawalemba ku mudzi wa, 4.130 m'midzi ndi za wina 14,000 asezare malo. Komanso, malo a m'chigawo kumeneko kunali midzi isanu ndi midzi 600. The ena kuthetsa anali minda, m'midzi, munda. Utali m'chigawo Smolensk anali 340 awatulutsira (wina versta kukumana ano mamita 1067). m'gawo lake inkakhala pang'ono versts lalikulu kuposa 49212.

anthu

Malinga ndi 1897 kalembera, anthu ambiri a m'chigawo cha Smolensk anali pang'ono kuposa theka miliyoni okhala. M'mizinda ndi ndalama zochepa kuposa khumi alionse, pafupifupi 121 zikwi nzika. Pamaso chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom mu 1761, chiwerengero cha serfs anadza kwa 70% ya chonse cha anthu.

m'chigawo Smolensk anali n'kumene sanali wopanda munthu pakati m'maiko onse a Tsarist Russia. Pa njonda wina pafupifupi nkhani 60 serfs. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana 19 m'chigawo cha Smolensk, panali 13 mchitidwe umenewu, mipingo 763 ndipo gulu limodzi. Peresenti atsogoleri anali 0,6% ya chiwerengero cha anthu kukhala. m'chigawo Smolensk monga limodzi Kupititsa wagawo unatha mu 1929, ndipo malo ake anali linalanda ku Western Region.

Makampani ndi ulimi m'chigawo

Midzi ya chigawo Smolensk wotchuka chifukwa ofufuta zikopa aluso ndi weavers. m'deralo ali makamaka chinkhoswe mu ulimi, nakulitsa mbewu: rye, Mapila, buckwheat, tirigu. Mu Rostislavskom County nakulitsa mapira mu buku laling'ono. Mu Vyazma ndi Sychevsky zigawo nakulitsa hemp ndipo fulakesi. Mudzi Tesovo Sychevskii chigawo anali siteshoni lnovodnaya. Kuluka ndi thonje-kupota mphero ili m'mudzi wa Yartsevo Duhovschinskogo County. Mu Rostislavskom County ntchito Matchbox ndi kupanga zikopa. Zimafalikira monga anali kupanga kuponyera mankhwala galasi ndi mankhwala nkhalango. Bielsko - phula ntchito njerwa.

m'chigawo Smolensk wotchuka chifukwa m'minda yake. Makamaka zikugwira kulima mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maapulo, nthuza ndi mapeyala. Maapulo amagulitsidwa Moscow. Koma anatchuka chifukwa cha ulimi m'chigawo ake Smolensk osati.

Smolensk County

Dera limeneli anali kuli anthu ambiri poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena. The m'deralo anali makamaka kusinthanitsa kugona ndi Lithuanians. Roslavl County makamaka imachitika ntchito ulimi.

Only pano anakula buckwheat, balere, mapira. Iwo anali atalenga Smolensk agrarian anthu kuti chitukuko cha ulimi. Panali malo a ulimi makina ndi zipangizo. Mwambo bwino kwambiri oyamba m'malo khasu khasu. Mfuti chopangidwa ndi ambuye m'deralo, osati wolephera muyezo fakitale.

Ndi 1880 954 mafakitale ndi fakitale, ndi ntchito m'maderawo Smolensk. Pa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, chiwerengero cha mphero ndi mafakitale chinawonjezeka ndi mayunitsi eyiti. Makamaka, tikhale ndi kusintha tchizi fakitale, amene anali zambiri kuzigawo kum'mawa wa chigawocho.

Pomaliza

Pafupifupi 1000 zapitazo, zinadziwika kuti uziyenda bwino boma ayenera kukhala magawano mu mayunitsi utsogoleri. Zilembedwe woyamba unayamba X atumwi AD. Mfumukazi Olga anagawa Novgorod M'mayiko manda a. Kenako m'zaka za m'ma XV, Ivan Grozny anali gulu la Novgorod asanu gawo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII, inayambitsa mfundo Zigawo ndi. Anakhala zinachitika m'madera lero ndi zigawo.