Eltsina Borisa Nikolaevicha kusintha - chuma ndi ndale: ubwino ndi kuipa kwake, zotsatira

Mutu wa "boma la okonzanso," amene analonjeza kuti pulezidenti, ulamuliro wa zigawo ndi zida zankhondo. Oyendetsera wa dziko pa Boris Yeltsin akufuna kusintha kumeneku, zotsatira za zomwe dziko Russian ndi nthawi yaitali kutamanda ndi kutukwana, ndipo m'pofunika kuti tisanthule.

Yeltsin masiku ano kusintha boma

Boris Yeltsin anali "kutumphuka" pa khumi ndi kudzinenera ntchito, koma anapita ku ntchito chipani. Iye anapandukira conservatism wa CPSU ndipo anasiya chipani, kutenga malo pamwamba pa otsutsa demokalase. Pulezidenti patangotha mwezi umodzi chisankho, amene anakantha kulanda boma, anafuna potsiriza kugogoda chuma cha chuma utsogoleri-lamulo, koma kunapangitsa kuti dziko la mu ofikira.

Pafupifupi n'chimodzimodzi kusakhulupirika tsopano dzina Borisa Eltsina. amphamvu kucheza Other: racketeering ndi "zamphepo kapezi," umphawi ndi ulova, ovuta kwambiri woyamba Chechen nkhondo ndi emigration mawu chotheka pagulu la mutsogoleli wadziko ndi kugwa wathunthu wa ulamuliro Russia mu dziko. Komanso analephera kukonzanso chuma ndi ndale Yeltsin. Komabe, pali osiyanasiyana, osati zoyesayesa zonse mukulephera kusintha dziko pa Yeltsin zamoyo zina zabwino analephera. Anayenera kuchita pa latsopano, zodziwika bwino ndi chifukwa maudindo ambiri osadziŵika lero maganizo ndi chuma Kusakhazikika. Maganizo kutembenuka, koma osati kwathunthu negative. Ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kukonza Yeltsin tsopano kuti pakhalanso kuposa nineties lapansi.

kusintha posachedwapa dziko latsopano: chenichenicho

Latsopano Russia wa Yeltsin nyengo yodziwika ndi zinthu zambiri, iwo amangoona musati mukaikire, koma ziyenera a khalidwe kugwirizana awo otsutsa zochepa. Komabe, ife kuwatcha:

1. Yeltsin a Russia analandiridwa ku Ulaya ndi ku America. Boris Eltsin zambiri anakumana ndi andale ndi atsogoleri a boma, kusonyeza wokonzeka zonse zimene anthuwo Nkhondo kumanga msika chuma ku Russia. Ena mwa mfundo izi anasamukira ku mbali ina ya nkhani - za kuipa, koma nineties ya dziko lathu ankadabwa kugula aggravation a mgwirizano wa mayiko, koma ubwenzi - chuma ndi ndale - sanali zimatheka.
2. Palibe kufufuza ndi kutsatanso oimira kudzinenera kulenga. Palibe ulamuliro kapena dera chikhalidwe, kapena pa TV. Ankalalikira ufulu wolankhula.
3. Wamba. Russia akhala eni nyumba ndi mabizinezi chizindikiro cha gulu chikhulupiriro kwa demokalase. Komabe kukangana pamene lonena zinthu pa amadza zabwino ya kusintha msika Yeltsin.
4. Ufulu wosankha mphamvu anayamba ndi Boris Yeltsin.
5. Pali mabanki ambiri, makamaka ang'onoang'ono. Koma iwo anatumikira makamaka zofuna za kalasi watsopano - latsopano Russian, komanso eni mafakitale ndi makampani.
6. Yeltsin a lisinthe ndi Inde demokalase: dongosolo multiparty, chigamulocho wa iyenera kukonzedwa ndi chisankho aphungu.
7. Tax kusintha mu Russia mu 1991 - gawo loyamba, maziko a dongosolo msonkho.
8. The Iron Katani anakomoka kwathunthu - kumalire ndi lotseguka.

Choncho, si onse mfundo zabwino ali mwamtheradi choncho. Ena kukaikira.

kusintha posachedwapa dziko latsopano: olakwika

Kuononga Soviet Union, ndi initiators zimavuta kuimira zimene zidzachitike lotsatira. Kusiya chuma anakonza, ngati akuganiza kuti aliyense akukonzekera chidina ya Soviet Union. Zam'tsogolo a udindo pafupifupi chikondi posachedwa zoipa kwa anthu ndi dongosolo la dziko. Mwina wabwino ndipo sanali kukonzekera kuposa mwezi umodzi. Anali anazindikira monga wotchuka "zisanu" chipika chuma cha nineties atumwi, ntchito njira imeneyo. Mavuto ambiri musati zanyengo, ndipo anayesa kuthetsa. Ntchito sipakhala, ife ayamba kukhala Anagwiranso ya zinthu zimene analenga mavuto amenewa.

Atalephera kusintha ndi zotsatira za kusintha Yeltsin akuti:

1. Nkhondo Chechnya. Russia mphamvu maso, anagwiritsa ntchito nationalists mu zigawo. Mu Chechnya analengeza ufulu wa Ichkeria, Russian anayamba zapachiweniweni. Yeltsin atumiza asilikali ku Chechnya. Unachititsa kugawanika mu Nyumba ya Malamulo. Yegor Gaidar, ndi mutu wa chipani "Democratic Kusankha Russia", ndi mamembala chipani analengeza Zionetsero, koma sanathe kusankha lapansi. Yeltsin, malire atsopano a chitsutso, Democratic Party. Mu Moscow, unachitikira misonkhano odana ndi nkhondo, atolankhani zinadzala ndi mawu ndi nkhondo. Tsoka lalikulu, ndithudi, si mudakhumudwapo mu boma ndi nyumba yamalamulo Grozny, Gudermes, Argun ndi midzi ina. zida chochepa asilikali, wopangidwa makamaka a moti ankaweruzidwa, inept lamulo ndi asilikali nkhongono. Itanani deta mosiyana zomvetsa, pa 4 ndi 14 000 akufa. Nkhondo Chechnya, kapena monga patchedwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo la malamulo a dziko lino la Republic Chechen mbiri citetezo Yeltsin, monga wolamulira, wokhoza kuchita vuto zowawitsa ndipo mosatsata benefiti ndale analandira ku m'bandakucha wa Russia latsopano.
2. Mkulu criminalization, banditry, katangale ndi racketeering. Market kusintha Yeltsin analengeza ufulu wa chuma, ndi ena podziwa ngati chiphaso ntchito ufulu wa anthu amphamvu. M'mizinda Russian pali magulu amene saopa aliyense kapena chilichonse zosangalatsa malonda, kupha Otsutsa ndi otsutsa, otsutsa ndi mboni za umbanda. yazamalamulo alonda zambiri ayi ku dismantling, pali milandu zokhudza apolisi upandu. Kawirikawiri zigawenga zinali zosalembedwa, makamaka achinyamata, anaikidwa, ndipo amene ankafuna ndalama mosavuta. Nthawi ya kuphedwa.
3. Ulova ndi malipiro arrears miyezi, kuchepetsa chachikulu kupanga ndi kuwonongedwa kwa zomera. Makamaka anakhudzidwa ulimi ndi m'mafakitale. Zotsatira za m'madera amenewa kusintha Yeltsin abvera ndi kutali.
4. Pofikira - ndi drawback yaikulu ya kusintha Yeltsin a. Economy akatswiri amanena kuti kupewa devaluation wa ruble ndi kotheka, ngati zochita osati kale pulezidenti kapena udindo chuma dera chikhalidwe. Russia akhala osauka.
5. The US ndi ena "abwenzi" wa Russia latsopano salinso kuwerengera ndi zofuna za dziko.
6. Yeltsin ndi kusintha oyendetsera dziko wakhala zingamuthandize, koma zoona ndi kuchita pafupifupi konse ntchito. Malamulo si anamenyana ndi racketeering ndi ziphuphu. Wapakati Russian chasanduka mu "munthu pang'ono", monga mabuku tingachipeze powerenga. anthu amenewa anali nakweza ndi sanalonjeze yonena Yeltsin.
7. Anthu anayamba kuchoka m'dziko - kufufuza ntchito, chitetezo komanso chiyembekezo kuntchito. Iye kusiya zambiri akatswiri ndi akatswiri. imfa wina chifukwa kusintha.

Lero, mu ziyenera a lobala zipatso za kusintha Borisa Eltsina kusiyanitsa mfundo ziwiri za view. Ena amanena kuti "kugwedeza" wa Russia mu 90 anam'patsa mtendere wa ziro. Otsutsa amakhulupirira kuti awiri masauzande opulumutsidwa boma amene anabwera m'malo, ndi vutoli - zotsatira za kusintha Yeltsin ndi okonzanso a ilk wake.

Market chuma - Russia latsopano Inde

Chiyambi cha kusintha Yeltsin anayamba ndi kukhazikitsanso chuma. Nyengo pambuyo Union anayamba pansi pa chizindikiro cha msika. Boris Yeltsin, sadzachitanso kutenga dziko anatsogolera kumbuyo kwake - kuti bizinesi imene amasiya wopambana kusintha 1917. Mwa njira, chidwi chikhalidwe cha boma Yeltsin amaopa unit ndalama kubwerera masiku ano chuma anakonza. Okonzanso ndikukhulupirira 90 amapha Kudandaula zinachitikira zachuma ya Soviet Union. Komabe, maphunziro osiyana zopanga malo sangathe.

Choncho, Boris Yeltsin anatumiza msika Russian, ndi kukonzanso uku lalikulu amavomereza West.

Boma latsopano lotsogoleredwa ndi Yeltsin, koma chiwembu cha kukonzanso chuma, adzaphunzitsa, sate Egoru Gaydaru. Iwo adjoins ena achinyamata okonzanso: sate-sikisi Anatoly Chubais ndi Petr Aven, tridtsatidevyatiletny dzina lake Aleksandr Shohin ndi sate-eyiti Andrei Nechayev. Iwo ali kutchedwa "Harvard anyamata". Iwo Harvard sikuthetsa, koma anaphunzira chiphunzitso zachuma kumadzulo.

Kodi choyesa mfundo

Boris Yeltsin analetsa okonzanso wamng'ono kulowerera ndale, koma anapereka ufulu zonse pofuna kumanga chuma ndi. Gaidar ndi anzake ayamba kutsatira chiphunzitso kuchita, ndi liberalization wa mitengo. Dzadzani maalumali anaganiza chogonjera mitengo, kuti kukwaniritsa bwino okwanira ndi akumufuna. Onse anali ndi lingaliro la Gaidar, koma Yeltsin. Ndipo kuyambira koyamba kwa January 1992, onse anayamba kukhala bwino wogulitsa. Mitengo kuti anasangalala kwambiri kwa mankhwala ena mwa ambiri nthawi.

ndalama weniweni agwa ndi theka, ndipo zonse izi motsutsa likhale kuwuka ulova. Boma anayenera kupereka zopereka kapena atchule kovuta. Koma bajeti ali anakomoka ndi "khadi" sanathe kuthandiza. Ndipo anthu akhonda naye. Amachoka muzimenezo yekha, kupitiriza kufotokoza ndiye ndi tsopano, kuti liberalization wa mitengo - ndondomeko chowawa, koma zimatheka mu zenizeni nineties lapansi.

Mu masitolo panali "zachilendo" ku zinthu Soviet anthu ndi katundu, koma kugula iwo sanali zimenezo. Only ndalama zokwanira zofunikira. Lowani "moyo malipiro" ndipo kuthandiza oyitanira malonda kwaulere.

malonda liberalization

Amagulitsa chilichonse. Makola, street malonda mndandanda ndi agogo, kwambiri malonda ndi galimoto misika. Shuttles ndi asayansi ndi ojambula zithunzi.

Koma ndalama zambiri analipo "ogulitsa" wa mafuta, mafuta ndi zitsulo sanali akakhala. Kusiyana pakati pa mitengo mkulu dziko ndi otsika zoweta analonjeza phindu peresenti chikwi. Pakuti chuma mu "ikuthamangira nineties" kumenyana ndi mfuti magulu. Chifukwa chosowa mabungwe imayenera anthu ayamba pamsika ndi njira zonse zilipo. Kenako, okonzanso kunena kuti iwo sankakhoza kuoneratu gulu criminalization, kukhulupirira kuti zina oponderezedwa a malonda ang'onoang'ono sadzapita ku chiwonetsero. Koma ntchito kuti tikhale ndi "denga" ndalama ndi katundu zambiri mosapita m'mbali kunyalanyaza malamulo.

pali "latsopano Russian" mu nthawi ino. Iwo Polemeretsedwa okha panthawi imene ndalama anthu wamba nkomwe kukhala ndi ndalama.

wamba

Pamene Russia linakhazikitsa ndondomeko ya "Voucher wamba", ananenapo kuti popeza mabizinezi Soviet adzapeza eni latsopano ogwira. Kufunika kwa kusintha anatsutsika wolakwa pa "otsogolera wofiira". Choncho atsogoleri a magulu amphamvu, amene ntchito udindo wake monga "wodyetsa" ndipo mwakachetechete ndi boma kugwira ntchito pa "imvi" machenjerero malonda.

Yeltsin ndi boma lake kulenga gulu la eni, ndipo ankalengeza ukulu umwini patokha boma. mawu mokweza za ufulu aliyense kugula pa mtengo mwadzina Ndipotu fictitious. phindu angakhululukire ntchito kokha zomera apamwamba-ololera, ndipo panali pang'ono. Komanso, kuyambira kugwira amagulitsa nsombazo payekha. Analonjeza ufulu wofanana boma chuma sizinagwire ntchito.

zoyesayesa zonse ziziyenda zinthu anatenga kugwa. "Pavlovskaya kusintha" zinachititsa kuti nullification zopereka. Tinayesetsa monga makina osindikizira, koma anachita zoipa koposa zabwino.

Kusamalira Gaidar, woyamba wa "piramidi" ndi SCG

zoyesayesa zonse kuchepetsa ngongole dziko analibe bwino, zimatheka kokha akuchedwa ndalama. Ife kukhululukira ngongole ya Greece ndi Poland, koma osati ofooka Russia. nkhawa Economic zikuchitika mavuto andale. Mu December 1992, aphungu anafuna kusintha kwa nduna yaikulu. Kenako, Yeltsin asankha Viktor Chernomyrdin, wachita zambiri zolakwa posachedwa.

Mu 1993 anayamba kuuzana rubles Soviet kuti Russian. Iwo anatenga masabata 35 okha 000 ndi awiri okha. Sberbank maofesi queues. Yeltsin anaganiza kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa nthawi zikwi zana limodzi, ndi - mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka.

Umayamba nthawi ya zachuma "piramidi". Kupezeka "mmm", "Selenga", "Ambuye" ndipo anthu ena ang'onoang'ono. Akuluakulu powunika momwe ntchito yawo distantly, chifuniro ndale kuthandizapo, sanali malamulo oyenera. Koma kenako analengeza kuti Yeltsin kukonzanso chuma kunyozedwa zambiri ndi "piramidi".

Komanso, mu kufanana ndi "piramidi" mu Russia pali nsinga yochepa boma kubwezeretsanso bajeti. State kuti apereke nsinga n'kumagulitsa. Zosonkhedwazo kugawidwa m'magulu awiri. Mmodzi anali kuphimba kuchepekedwa bajeti. Pa zina - kudzera bulanchi a Bank ku Central a boma kugula awo omwewo T-ngongole. GKO poyamba nazo ndalama, koma chiyambi cha chaka nainte-chitatu ndi kuchepekedwa bajeti adzakhala chabe zoopsa.

kufalitsa boma katundu

Ndi wamba wa mphamvu makampani Russian molambalala ndondomeko imeneyi, yokhala anakhalabe anthu, koma zonse ngati Makampani otsogolera ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale bwalo yopapatiza ya utsogoleri. Anayamba "ina" anthu wamba, wovomerezeka ndi boma, mu makampani anagulidwa ndi ndalama pagulu.

Unduna wa Zachuma kusamutsa ndalama kuti mabanki, olamulidwa ndi oligarchs lapansi. Yoikika "yobetcherana", wopambana umene wotetezedwa ndi magawo a kampani anapereka ngongole kwa boma, wopangidwa mwa ndalama zake. Ndipo pamene boma lilibe ngongoleyo, magawo kukhala ndi mwini latsopano. Mu manja payekha ichi "yobetcherana" zinatengera makampani zoposa khumi, kuphatikizapo "Norilsk faifi tambala" ndi "Yukos". Mikhail Khodorkovsky Mwachitsanzo, kulipira kampani boma ndalama Utumiki wa Finance ya gawo, amene anamuikamo chuma.

Pofikira komanso kupanduka Anthuwa

Mu 1998 analengeza ruble denominirovanii: rubles zikwi anayamba. Chaka chino Russia afika mavuto azachuma Asian ndi kuloŵa pansi mitengo mafuta mpaka madola khumi pa mbiya. Akuluakulu linayesetsa kuti ruble "wolimba," Bank ku Central analiza ndalama ndipo anayamba "njanji nkhondo". Mu May, Anthuwa toyalana mizere sitima ndipo anafunsa yosiya wa Boris Yeltsin ndi kuvunda kwa boma Duma ndi boma. Amafuna kuti abwerere ku dziko la timapunthwa wanga pa maganizo kukonzanso zinafunika makampani malasha, ndi kuwonongedwa kwa migodi ndi kutchito.

Mu August, iye anabweretsa kusakhulupirika ndalama, chuma Western adalosa, koma pulezidenti wa Russia ndi Zoneneratu sanagwirizane ndi anati poyera kuti kusakhulupirika sadzapezekapo. Koma iye ati boma ananena yokha zinatha, boma anavomereza kuti n'zotheka kusunga ruble kusinthitsa ndalama gulu sanaonekenso. The ruble Russian wagwa ndi theka, ndipo mabanki anasiya opereka madipoziti. M'malo kuyamba: Kirienko, Primakov, Stepashin kenako Yeltsin analengeza kuti iye kuponda pansi mtsogoleri wa Russia.

The zotsatira za kusintha Yeltsin a

M'chifanizo lingaliro la kukonza zofunika Yeltsin anali kulephera mtheradi. Makamaka kukonzanso chuma Yeltsin. Pambuyo capitulation za chuma zokomera wa nineties ndi Russia wakhala dziko la ndalama kuwina. osankhika Business analenga mthumba gombe, ndipo boma la "anapereka" mafakitale ndi makampani popanda kulandira phindu kwa bajeti.

boma analibe udindo pa anthu ake, amene pa kusintha kwa kusintha kudutsa mankhwala mantha. Kusintha zinali ngati kuti kuyesera, kupanga mantha kuti nthawi ya kusowa ndipo njala.

Kaya zinali zotheka kuti kumanga Russia kusintha zinthu zina - akadali amati, monga mwayi Pulezidenti ndi chuma cha Boris Yeltsin. Madzulo a chisankho choyamba kwa voti ya malonda. Mtengo ndi kampeni zikuluzikulu "voti kapena Ataya". Ambiri sanafune kutaya malonda, oopa chigonjetso cha Pulezidenti ndi mdani wa Yeltsin Communist Gennady Zyuganov. Motero, n'zosakayikitsa akanayenera kuti abwerere msika onse "kukwaniritsa."

Kutembenuka sanadutsitse Russia kuti apite patsogolo koma mochedwa chitukuko cha dziko, chopweteka kwambiri nkhonya kwa chuma ndi pafupifupi banja Russian. Ena amanena kuti zonse chikanachitika Ngati sikudali kwa connivance za akuluakulu a kuwononga njira dziko. Komabe, nthawi imene yapitayi, ndipo tsopano patsala yekha yosanthula m'mbuyomo kupewa kubwereza iwo.