Mfumu ya ku Babulo Hammurabi ndi malamulo ake. Amene anatsogolera malamulo a Mfumu Hammurabi?

Dongosolo malamulo a dziko wakale - ndi zovuta ndi Mipikisano faceted nkhani. Pa dzanja limodzi, akhoza kuphedwa ngati "wopanda mlandu", koma ena - kwambiri malamulo amene analipo pa nthawi sanali pa chitsanzo fairer anthu amene anachita ndi kuchita pa madera a limati zambiri zamakono. Mfumu Hammurabi, amene analamulira ku Babulo kalelo - chitsanzo chabwino cha ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana izi. More ndendende, osati yekha, koma malamulo amene anatengedwa mu ulamuliro wake.

Pamene iwo anapezeka?

Mu zaka 1901-1902 French ulendo sayansi ikuchitika zofukulidwa pa Susa. M'kupita kwa maphunziro awa asayansi anapeza chachinsinsi wakuda chosemacho, amene pamwamba ali ndi zilembo zakale. Mwina, positi anaonekera mu mzinda pambuyo 1160 BC. e., pamene Elamu (anthu okhala Susa) anagonjetsa ndi kulanda katundu m'madera ambiri amene poyamba anali ndi Ababulo. Tsopano izi zakale wapatali akusungidwa French Louvre. Iye moyo imeneyi mfumu ya Ababulo Hammurabi ndi malamulo ake.

mwachidule maziko

Babulo - mmodzi wa limati wamkulu mu mbiri ya dziko lathu. Kamodzi pa gawo malamulo ake kuchita anadutsa Sumerians wakale, koma nthawi zina zinaoneka kuti iwo anali ndithu akale ndi sizisonyeza zenizeni panopa. Ndipo n'zosadabwitsa, popeza lamulo limeneli Analeredwa nthawi ya Mafumu Uri Chachitatu!

Sumulailu, amene anali mfumu yachiwiri ya woyamba wa Babulo, anayamba kusintha malamulo a boma. Mfumu Hammurabi anapitiriza ntchito ya kuloŵedwa m'malo ake. Sinthani izo nalo kuyambira 1792 mpaka 1750. BC. e.

Kodi zinthu mfumu yatsopano anatenga latsopano la malamulo?

Ndi olamulira ambiri a m'nthawi yake, anali kuyesa kupeza dongosolo chikhalidwe, omwe analipo kale dziko. More ndendende, mphamvu ya sing'anga ndi slaveholders lalikulu. Mwachionekere, mfumu yatsopano inampatsa kufunikira kwake lawmaking waukulu, popeza anayamba ntchito mu masiku choyamba cha ulamuliro wake. Mwatsoka, ife sindikudziwa ndendende zimene mfumu Hammurabi analemba pachiyambi penipeni: zizindikiro onse a chilamulo ochokera iwo akufotokoza za nthawi ina ya ulamuliro wake. Mabaibulo onse kale zinatayika.

Kumanja chopatsika mwa milungu

Malamulo panalembedwa pa ndime yaikulu wakuda basalt. Pa mbali ya ulemu wa mbiri akuonetsedwa mfumu pamaso pa mulungu Shamash dzuwa, imene zikhulupiriro Ababulo anali ziwiya woyang'anira. Pansi chosemacho chosema lembali malamulo okha. Onse a palemba chidagawika patatu zomveka.

Mfumu Hammurabi adakhulupirira iye yekha kuti malamulo ake chomveka ndi amphamvu kuti mpando wachifumu, linaperekedwa kwa iye ndi milungu ulamuliro wolungama, ndi iye ndi ana ake amphamvu sanayese n'komwe akamenyane ndi ofooka. Mwa njira kulankhula zinthu izi ndi zoona Mfumu anayesetsa kuchita chathunthu.

Pamakhala mndandanda mwachilungamo zambiri phindu limene mfumu analemekeza mzinda wa m'dziko lawo. Mwa njira, amene anatsogolera malamulo a Mfumu Hammurabi? Yankho la funso limeneli angaperekedwe Nditaphunzira malamulo ndi malangizo. Nkhani zimenezi zikunena zonse zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

mzinda izi

Mwa mizinda makamaka anatsindika Lars ndi Marie, Asuri, Nineve. Choncho, olemba mbiri ndi mtima wonse kuti chipilala kwambiri anamangidwira atapambana wanzeru pa Rimsinom. Nthawi imeneyi, chikoka cha Babulo, chimodzimodzi basi, ndipo adamangidwa ambiri a mizinda kutchulidwa kwa amene angapezeke mu thupi la mawu a malamulo. Ambiri mwina, ndi "ting'onoting'ono" mabuku a chikalatacho anapangidwa kwa onse koma midzi zing'onozing'ono ufumu, koma sitingathe kudziwa za izo.

chakuti nkhani ya Mfumu Hammurabi limanena za ambiri olemera ndi chete kwa dziko lake, pamene adani kunja zinali zochepa kwambiri. Kenako, pamene nyengo ya kuchepa, adakhoza kugwila ndi kufunkha Babulo. Palibe zodabwitsa mu chakuti agonjetsi si ceremonious ndi zipilala akale sanaphedwe ndi wolamulira lomaliza.

chosowacho gawo

Pambuyo oyamba pa mwala ndi chosema malamulo ambiri, ndiponso umatha ndi "chikalata" si yaikulu ndi maganizo mwatsatanetsatane. Nthawi zambiri, chipilala lokha lili bwino, koma kumbali kutsogolo, pali zina zimene lemba la waonongeka. Ambiri mwina, ichi chidachitika pa behest a mfumu ya ku Elamu, amene anapambana dera la pano Babulo, anasamukira thupi la malamulo Susa ake. Kodi malamulo a Mfumu Hammurabi afotokozedwa pa malo a nkhani anawononga?

Amafufuza zamakezana ndi akatswiri phunziro multistage anapeza kuti 35 monga anali anafukula pa nkhani (kwa okwana 282). Komabe, osadandaula: lero tili nkhani zosiyanasiyana malaibulale wakale, kuti kwambiri kapena zochepa akhoza kukhazikitsa ndendende zimene chilamulo zidzachotsedwa.

A yochepa mndandanda wa malamulo

Choncho, choyamba nkhani asanu a mfumu inakhazikitsa lamulo mu Kuthi onse mfumu ya ku Babulo. Mu zolembedwa Zsk 6 kuti 25 amaonedwa mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Nkhani 6-13 amasonyeza owerenga mmene tingadziwire mbala, ndipo monga ayenera kulangidwa ndi kuba. Malamulo amenewa ndi aakulu ndithu: lililonse kugula chofunika mboni. Ngati panali palibe amagulira zikhoza kuganiziridwa wakuba ndi kuphedwa.
• Documents 14 20 amaonedwa milandu kuba ana ndi kusunga akapolo wothawa. Malamulo kupereka kwa chilango chifukwa cha zolakwa izi, komanso mphoto kwa issuance wa wodziimira kapena adani a kapolo anathawa mbuye.
• Nkhani 21-25 mwatsatanetsatane kuika maganizo pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuba ndi zina za kuyenerera wosaloleka katundu wina.

nkhani yogwila nchito zawo dziko

Mu mbali ina ya malamulo ake malamulo mfumu ya Ababulo Hammurabi kwambiri ikufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ambiri nkhani ntchito dziko. Ndicho chimene akuti:

• Nkhani 26-41 kuulula za ufulu ndi udindo wa kalasi usilikali, koma koposa chidwi mu zolemba anaperekedwa kwa nkhani ya ulamuliro dziko.
• zikalata awerengedwa 42 mpaka 47 amatanthauza ufulu ndi udindo wa nzika amene zikugwira yobwereka m'dziko, onse anthu ndi chiyambi payekha lapansi. Chakudya cha okhwima awo. Choncho, ngati munthu lendi nthaka yachonde, kotero kanthu pa izo, ndipo silinachite (kumunda anapezerapo, anapanga overgrowing awo), komabe muyenera kupereka boma kapena moneylender iwo akudalira kuchuluka kwa mbewu.
• Nkhani ndi manambala 48-52 kusiya katapira ndipo akusonyeza kuchuluka kwa mbewu kapena mankhwala ena ali ndi ufulu moneylender ndi (pansi pa makonzedwe a misonkhano banki kwa iwo). Makamaka chifukwa cha ulamuliro uwu wa Mfumu Hammurabi zinali zodzaza ndi kuwonjezeka mu ndalama msonkho, koma ubwino wa anthu ake anakula, monga iwo sakanakhoza kulanda mopanda manyazi.
• Documents mu osiyanasiyana 53 mpaka 56 angatchedwe "chilengedwe", popeza kukhazikitsa udindo kwa anthu amene mosasamala anachitira maukonde ulimi wothirira. Makamaka ngati damu yojambula, chifukwa chimene madzi yagwa tirigu anali chifukwa chosasamala la mwini, ndiye iye afunika kulipira kumawononga kwa anthu onse a m'matumba awo.
• Nkhani 57-58 zafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane zilango anthu kuti anapalamula eni ziweto, ngati asankha mum'ponye kunja minda yofesa, ndi wobala zipatso.
• Nkhani 59-66 ndi ofanana kunena za eni minda, ufulu wawo, komanso kulankhula za ufulu yokolola wobwereketsayo ngati linachokera ndalama kwa mwini wa dziko.

The lamulo dera chikhalidwe

malamulo onse ena akhoza kutchedwa "chikhalidwe", monga mafunso a ntchito m'dziko iwo ankaona, koma bwanji mavuto anthu, ndi kwa mawu a malamulo, tingaphunzire zambiri zokhudza miyambo ya nthawi. Kotero, apa iwo ali:

• Nkhani 100-107 nkhani za ufulu ndi udindo wa amalonda (tamkarov), komanso yotchula othandizira awo.
• The zikalata owerengedwa 108-111 writhes malamulo okhwima okhudza ntchito (odyera) omwe nyumbazo anthu.
• Pomwepo Nkhani 14 (№№ 112-126) ali pambali kwa yokhudza malamulo ngongole, kuphatikizapo zinthu takambirana wa banja ngongole, ndi kusunga chuma chake, chimene anatengedwa monga chikole.
• Sikuti kukhulupirira kuti mphamvu ya mfumu Hammurabi likukhudza yekha mbali malonda a anthu. Choncho, malamulo a anawerengedwa kuyambira 127 mpaka 195 limafotokoza ambiri mwatsatanetsatane banja.
• Nkhani 196-225 wolamulira amakhazikitsa ndalama ndipo limafotokoza losiyanasiyana chilango chimene akanayenera ntchito ndi mawonekedwe a munthu, amene manyazi mwadala kumenya munthu wina.
• Documents 226 ndi 227 anafotokoza Ziletsozi pa chiwonongeko dala chilemba pa akapolo.
• Mapulani ndi mainjiniya alandira shipbuilders malamulo osiyana owerengedwa 235 kwa 228.
• malamulo ena gawo la nkhani ntchito imodzi wokhudza monga akapolo. Pakuti lamulo malamulo a ntchito antchito malipiro ntchito ndi Article 236 la 277. Choncho, masamba a za malamulo mwachindunji za malipiro osachepera mu wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa osema. Zakuti 278 kwa 282 mwachindunji ikufotokoza mbali ya ukapolo. Iwo amanena kuti kapolo sangathe basi timuphe, kuti imfa ya kapolo wina ayenera zoperewerazo munthu ameneyo vuto izo zinachitika.

zinthu zina

Choncho, amene anatsogolera malamulo a Mfumu Hammurabi? Ngati inu mukuyang'ana pa mndandanda mwachidule iwo, chithunzicho ndi zabwinobwino: pali miyeso ambiri ndi malamulo kuteteza osati chuma payekha, komanso moyo ndi thanzi la munthu; mwalamulo mfundo zoti ntchito za wobwereketsayo, amene kupitirira anthu sanayenera pansi mantha, ngati si imfa, ndiye katundu ndalama motsimikiza.

Dziko wakale anali kwenikweni vuto lapadera pamene kutenga namwaliyo akhale mkazi zinali zotheka atalandira chilolezo awo, komanso kupeza "pangano ukwati" pamaso pa mboni mu kulemba. Apo ayi ukwati chimatengedwa ngati oletsedwa. Komanso, malamulo amapereka munthu udindo, amene anatenga mkazi wake wamasiye ndi ana, ana awa anakulitsa, chakudya, zovala ndi mutawaveka nsapato. Apanso, kuti apamwamba ndi wodzala mfundo zotchulidwa si nthawi zonse mu Ages Middle, osanenapo nthawi zambiri wakale.

Tanthauzo la malamulo

Mfumu Hammurabi ankakhulupirira kuti malamulo ake adzabweretsa mtendere ndi chitukuko ndi boma, ndipo iye anali kulondola. Mwachitsanzo, mosamalitsa limaletsa popanda miseche ndi chidzudzulo kuti ngati munthu anena kuti munthu ali wolakwa ndi mlandu, inu mukanati kutsimikizira izo ndi zoona. Apo ayi, zikhoza anaphedwa. Kunali kosatheka kuti alande katundu wina, monga kupha kapolo kusokoneza chinthu yoperekedwa kwa munthu wina. Ambiri mwa chakudya cha malamulo a nthawi mwanjira anakhala mbali ya malamulo a Roma, ozikidwa pa linalake malamulo pafupifupi onse mayiko a azungu ndi dziko lathu.

Kotero kuti kazembe zithunzizi moyo imeneyi dzina lake kupyola mu mibadwo, monga izo zinali mwina wopanga malamulo choyamba, amene ankaganizira kwambiri za ubwino wa anthu onse, za chilungamo ndi mlandu uliwonse wa anthu a m'gulu, kaya ndi mfulu kapena kapolo. Mwachidule, nkhani ya mfumu ya ku Babulo Hammurabi zikutsimikizira kuti ngakhale mu dziko wakale anali boma imene mfundo kulemekeza ufulu wa anthu, ndi limene malamulo sanali mawu kanthu.

Lamulo - boma kiyi

Komanso, malamulo oteteza osati wolamulira wa slaveholders lalikulu ndi nzika, komanso nzika wamba. Iwo sakanakhoza kulanda, kupha, zinthu sanathe kulanda ndi akazi okha. Anthu wotetezedwa, koma chifukwa ulamuliro wa mfumu kwambiri. Mfumu ya ku Babulo Hammurabi ndi malamulo ake akhala kuti lamulo la zinthu malamulo angalimbitse maziko a boma likhale moona zosasintha.

Pomaliza

N'zosadabwitsa kuti Babulo pachimake anali boma olemera ndi amphamvu. adani anatha kuchotsa yekha ndi zokhota komanso mapeto a mapangano angapo asilikali. Hammurabi kwenikweni anachita kwambiri dziko lake anapereka kwa kulemera kwake ndi chitukuko mosalekeza. Mu chitsanzo chake, ndipo m'tsogolo tidawaongola olamulira ambiri zapamwamba, amene ali kulimbitsa mphamvu zake. Mfumu ya woyamba kutsimikizira kuti boma sangathe zochokera yekha chiwawa, koma pa mwambo okhwima malamulo, amene anali chimodzimodzi kwa onse.