Kodi makina osindikizira?

Kutulukira, popanda zomwe n'zovuta kuyerekeza anthu ophunzira, ndi makina osindikizira. Mosakayikira, galimoto zinasintha dziko lonse bwino. Koma pamene iye anaonekera mu moyo wathu wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo ndi mbiri ya dzikoli?

Lero dziko la sayansi ya maganizo woyamba makina osindikizira anamanga German bizinesi Iogann Guttenberg. Komabe, pali umboni wodalirika wosonyeza kuti zipangizo zofanana ntchito ndi anthu kale kwambiri. Ngakhale anthu a ku Babulo wakale kuvala chisindikizo dongo ndi penti ndi masitampu. M'zaka za m'ma AD choyamba mu Asia ndi Ulaya anali nsalu wamba, chokongoletsedwa ndi dongosolo. M'nthawi ya masitampu wakale chikhalidwe kuvala amtunduwu, ndi Chinese anali pepala lomwe linasindikizidwa pemphero dongosolo matabwa kale m'zaka za m'ma AD chachiwiri.

Ku Ulaya, kufalitsa mabuku anali kwambiri mchitidwe. Poyamba pamanja ndi agulupa. Ndiyeno anapanga tsamba Chinsinsi ndi okhala, koma ndondomeko unali wautali, ndi chitsanzo latsopano zofunika buku latsopano.

Pasanapite nthawi matabwa chosema m'malo makalata zitsulo, umene umagwiritsidwa ntchito inki mafuta ofotokoza ntchito atolankhani. Akukhulupirira kuti kutenga lotayirira wosasintha anagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi Gutenberg (1436). Zinali siginecha wake imakongoletsa wamkulu makina osindikizira. Komabe, French ndi Dutch adatsutsana mfundo imeneyi ponena kuti zimenezi makina zofunika kupangidwa ndi muno awo.

Choncho, funso la amene anapanga makina osindikizira, anthu ambiri a m'nthawi yathu angakuuzeni kuti anali Johann Gutenberg. Iye anabadwa mu Mainz ku banja la wokalamba m'banja lapamwamba Gontsfleyshey. Sizikudziwika chifukwa iye anachoka mumzinda wakwawo, adatola pantchitoyo ndipo anatenga dzina mayi ake. Komabe, Komiti anapanga chidali chifuniro zofunika kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma.

chipangizo makina

Kodi makina ake osindikizira mabuku, Gutenberg chikopa. Koma masiku ano, tingathe ankanena kuti pachiyambi izo zinapangidwa nkhuni. Pali uthenga umene wosasintha wosapitirira unalipo m'zaka za zana chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi. Aliyense kalata anali dzenje lomwe wadutsa chingwe kulumikiza chingwe anaimba. Koma mtengo - zakuthupi si zabwino mokwanira kwa ntchitoyo. Letters kenako pathupi kapena youma, kupanga kusindikizidwa lemba m'goli. Choncho Guttenberg anayamba zokhala ndi sitampu zopangidwa kutsogolera kapena malata, ndipo ndiye anaponyedwa makalata - likukhalira sizivuta ndipo mofulumira. The makina osindikizira kwenikweni anapeza maonekedwe ake masiku ano.

Machine kusindikiza ntchito ngati izi: Poyamba opangidwa Zilembo galasi. Kuphwanya ndi nyundo pa iye, analandira mbuye pa zipsera mkuwa mbale. Kotero icho chinali chopangidwa chiwerengero lamanja la makalata amene akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri. Ndiye iwo apanga mawu ndi mizere. Gutenberg anali kupanga loyamba la kalembedwe ka Donatus (khumi Mabaibulo) ndi kalendala. Pezani dzanja, iye ankafuna nkhani zovuta kwambiri: Baibulo loyamba kusindikizidwa anali 1286 masamba ndi zilembo 3.4 miliyoni. Buku anali zokongola, zithunzi, ndi zisoti anali zojambulidwa ndi amisiri dzanja.

Mlanduwu Gutenberg anapitiriza. Mu Russia, makina anabwera mu 1563, pamene mwa dongosolo Ivana Groznogo Fedorov anamanga galimoto yake.