Milungu ya dziko wakale: mndandanda ndi zambiri za iwo

Akatswiri pomaliza kuti mbiri ya anthu sadziwa aliyense mwa anthu, kukana kuli mphamvu apamwamba kukutsogolerani dziko lawo, ndipo nthawi zina moyo wina pambuyo. Maganizo a iwo asintha ndi chitukuko cha chitukuko ndi zochokera iwo anatuluka zikhulupiriro ambiri azipembedzo monga moyo, ndi kumizidwa mu chifunga cha nthawi. Tiyeni tikumbukire kokha ena za milungu ya dziko lakale, wochokera, mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo ambiri amavomereza, mu nthawi ya mbiri isanayambe ndi zochepa V atumwi, pamene dziko analowa nthawi ya m'mawa Ages Middle.

Drevneshumerskie mulungu

Kuyamba kulankhula za ngwazi ndi milungu ya dziko wakale kukhala nkhani za zikhulupiriro achipembedzo Sumerians amene ankakhala ku Mesopotamiya (ano Iraq) ndipo adalenga pa chiyambi cha IV Zakachikwi. BC. e. dziko loyamba chitukuko. Zikhulupiriro zawo ndi nthano zawo kwaiye zochokera kulambira milungu yambiri ─ ndiAmene demiurge a dziko ndi zonse izo, komanso mizimu, patronize anthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana pa moyo wawo.

Izi mwina milungu kwambiri wakale wa dziko, amene anatsalira mudziwe mwachilungamo wathunthu. Tonga malo mwa iwo wotanganidwa mulungu An (kapena Anu). Malinga ndi nthano Sumeri, anali mmodzi wa demiurge kulengedwa dziko, ndipo panali asanalenge dziko lapansi anapatulidwa kuchokera kumwamba. Pakati celestials ena anali monga ulamuliro osatsutsika, kuti Sumerians nthawi ankafotokozedwa iye kutsogolera mabungwe a milungu, amene anakonza kuthana ndi mavuto yovuta.

Pakati Sumeri milungu ogula la Marduk wotchuka kwambiri, dzina lake likugwirizana ndi maziko ndi pofuna kukwaniritsa umodzi wa mizinda yayikulu ya dziko wakale ─ Babulo. Iye akhapidziwa kuti iye mzinda kukhala zofunika ake ndi kutukuka. Characteristically, monga mzinda wakale wa kukula kunadetsa kulambira ambiri anatenga woyang'anira wake. Mu gulu la milungu Chisumeriya Marduk anapatsidwa malo amodzi monga akale milungu Greek Jupiter pakati.

anakana chilakolako

Mwachitsanzo, nthano Chisumeriya kupatsila kuti ndibwereze imodzi mwa nkhani ya wamkazi Ishtar, bwinobwino patronize zinthu zimenezi zinkaoneka atakwatirana, monga chikondi ndi nkhondo. Nthano zomwe zilipo limatiuza mmene tsiku lina mtima wa mulungu wa chikondi wayaka wolimba ngwazi Gilgamesh amene anabwerera ku nkhondo, amene ankamukonda kuyamika zothandizira mipingo yawo ake.

Pakuti utumiki wa Ishtar ankafuna kukhala ngwazi ya mwamuna wake, koma anakana chifukwa Gilgamesh anamveka osati za zochitika zake ambiri chikondi, komanso mmene kudzam'patsa zosasangalatsa wamwamuna akangaude, mimbulu, nkhosa, ndi zolengedwa zina wosayankhula. Ndithudi, izi si ndi manja anabwera pansi, pambuyo pa zonse, kodi kuposa kubwezera anakana akazi?

ng'ombe wakumwamba

Pokhumudwa Ishtar anakwera kumwamba makolo ake ─ wapamwamba mulungu Anu ndi mkazi wake Antu, amene anauza cha manyazi ake. Kubwezera iye nakopa okalamba kulenga ake ng'ombe lowopsya la kumwamba, akhoza kuwononga Gilgamesh. Apo ayi, mwana wopanduka anaopseza kuti auke kwa manda a akufa ndi kuwapatsa kudyedwa ndi anthu.

Podziwa zomwe kukangana ndi mwana wake chilibe ntchito, An ndi Antu anakwaniritsa pempho lake. Padziko lapansi wamkazi anabwerera ndi ng'ombe, umene uli kuyamba kumwa madzi onse mu mtsinje wa Firate, anayamba kudya Kalanga Sumerians. Ndipo izo zitafika pa mapeto a chitukuko ichi wakale, koma mwamwayi, anafika onse Gilgamesh yemweyo, amene, pamodzi ndi bwenzi lake Enkidu anagonjetsa chilombo ndipo anabweretsa nyama kwake kupereka nsembe zina, milungu kwambiri yabwino.

Itha nthano kuti Ishtar, ataima pafupi ndi mpanda wa mzinda wakale wa Uruk, Gilgamesh kwambiri wopotoka maganizo ndi adasonkhanitsa mahule onse Sumeri, kuwawa anadandaula ndi iwo anaphedwa ng'ombe. Chifukwa iye zofunika nthumwi za ntchito yoyambilira ─ mbiri chete.

The Lost chitukuko

Iwo okha mpaka kuwonjezera kuti milungu yosiyanasiyana ya dziko wakale, amene amapatsidwa ulemu ndi Sumerians, ndi yaikulu. Kuti kale dzina pambuyo pokha okha odziwika bwino kwambiri: ndi Anunnaki, Adad, Bel, Dumuzi, Inanna, Tiamat, Tamuzi, Sumukan, Sina ndi Tsarpanitu.

M'katikati II zikwi. BC. e. State Schumer anagwetsa kupeza mphamvu Babulo, ndi chinenero Chisumeriya monga analankhula mwa ntchito. Koma wina pafupifupi 2 zikwi. Zaka pa izo zinalembedwa ntchito zolembalemba, ena mwa amene anapeza pa zofukulidwa m'mabwinja.

milungu ya Iguputo

Mbiri ya dziko wakale ndi limodzi kuchokera chilakolako cha anthu kudziwa padzikoli, nthawizina mantha ndi wodzala moti chinsinsi kwa iwo. Umboni wa Aigupto akale amayesayesa kumvetsetsa matabwa ake ndi Kulenga kwa gulu zambiri za milungu imene akhala mankhwala a kuganiza ndi munthu chifukwa iwo ndi mphamvu zachilengedwe.

Mbali khalidwe la chipembedzo cha wakale Aiguputo anali kukhulupirira chiyambi cha Mulungu kwa Farao, amene anali zochokera mphamvu zawo mtheradi. Ambuye wakumwamba ndi akazembe a dziko lapansi sanali nthawi waubwenzi kwa anthu, ndi chifukwa cha anthu ndi anthu amene anali propitiate ndi kupemphera ndi kutamanda osati nsembe, chikhalidwe cha omwe imasiyana malingana munthu amene iwo ankafuna.

Milungu ya dziko wakale ndi nthano amene amafotokoza za iwo, nthawi zonse anali tsamba yowala chikhalidwe dziko. Yotero ndi gulu lalikulu la milungu, anabadwa pa magombe a Nile. Olemba mbiri ndi za 2 zikwi. Nthumwi zake, koma chilengedwe kulambira anasangalala zosaposa 100 iwo, pamene ena kulambira zinali za chikhalidwe m'deralo.

N'zochititsa chidwi ndi kusintha mayikidwe a magulu andale zasintha ndi malo masanjidwe m'dziko akuchitanso zimenezi kapena milungu. History of the World Ancient, ndi Egypt makamaka, ndi zonse zipolowe ndi mavuto chifukwa cha zimene zinali kusintha pafupipafupi wa olamulira kuti linachokera anasintha udindo wa milungu makamaka akulemekezedwa. Pakali pano, gulu ambiri akhoza kudziwa nambala ya zilembo amene "mlingo" anali zonse mkulu m'mbiri yonse ya chitukuko ku Iguputo.

Pamwamba pa utsogoleri wolowezana Mulungu

Izi makamaka mlengi wa zonse padziko lapansi ─ mulungu Amon-Ra, yemwenso amadziwika pansi mayina a Amun kapena Atum. Zinali iye amene ankaona atate wa Farao zonse. Nthawizina, mu ndingaliro ya Aigupto Amon-Ra iye natenga maonekedwe wamkazi, ndipo anamutcha wamkazi Amunet. Izi transvestite mulungu makamaka amazilambira Thebes, kwa nthawi yaitali ndi boma likulu. Nthawi zambiri chosonyeza munthu mikanjo mfumu ndi korona, chokongoletsedwa ndi nthenga, osachepera ─ mu mawonekedwe a tsekwe kapena nkhosa.

Pang'ono otsika naye kutchuka kwa mulungu wobereketsa ndi moyo wina pambuyo, Osirisi, mndandanda wa zotsatira za abale chimene chinapangitsa kuti iye wangwiro. Kukhala mwana wa mulungu wa dziko Geb ndi thambo wamkazi Mtedza, anatenga mkazi wake kunyumba mlongo Isisi ─ patroness wobereketsa umayi, umoyo ndi kuyenda panyanja (mabanja consanguineous si choletsedwa panthawi imeneyo). Kulandira kuyambira nthawi imene mutu wa wolamulira wamkulu, anaphunzitsa Aiguputo zolima dzikolo, kusunga malamulo ndi kulemekeza milungu.

Zichiwembu ndi Chikondi nthano Igupto

Komabe, monga ambiri a milungu wakale wa mayiko a dziko, Osirisi popita ku ukulu wake kakusintha ambiri mavuto osiyana ndi mavuto. Zonse zinayamba ndi chakuti Seti mulungu chipululu ophatikizapo ndingaliro zoipa, anam'konzera chiwembu kuti amuphe ndi kutenga malo a mfumu. mapulani ake sioneka, anazindikira ndithu pachiyambi.

Popeza anapanga fano bokosi kukula abwino ndi kuitana alendo, amene anali Osirisi, kuchimwa waneneratu kuti adzakupatsani ngale izi kwa aliyense amene angathe kukhala bwinobwino izo. Onse ndi kuyesa, ndipo pamene zinafika Osirisi, Seti anamenyetsa chivundikiro cha chifuwa, womangidwa iye ndi zingwe ndi kuuponya mu Nile, chimene mafunde n'kupita kwa Mulungu akudziwa kumene.

Atadziwa za kutha kwa mwamuna wake, Isisi anapita akumufunafuna napeza pachifuwa ndi achipembedzo wake pa gombe la Foinike. Koma kusangalala kwake kunali nthawi isanakwane. Otsatirawa pa chidendene cha Seti patsogolo Isisi ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi mwamuna wake anadula mu zidutswa, kuwabalalitsa lonse la Iguputo.

Koma kuchimwa zoipa longoganizira, amene anali kulimbana ─ wamkazi wasonkhanitsa ambiri a zotsalira za Osirisi Malemu zopangidwa iwo, mochuluka kwambiri moti pasanapite nthawi anakhala ndi pakati mwa mwana wake Horus, yemwe anadzakhala mulungu za kusaka ndi akufotokozedwa ngati munthu ndi Chimphamba mutu. Chidendene, nyanga anagonjetsa Seti ndi mayi ake anathandiza kuukitsa Malemu wa atate wake.

anthu ena a gulu ku Iguputo

Tiyeni tikumbukire mayina ena zambiri za milungu ya dziko lakale, anakhala pa magombe a Nile. Ndi pamwamba pa zonse mulungu Shu. Iye ndi mkazi wake Tefnut anali anthu oyamba a kumwamba, analengedwa ndi Mulungu Wamphamvuyonse Atum ndipo chinali chiyambi cha kulekana kwa amuna ndi akazi. Shu ankaona mulungu dzuwa ndi mpweya. Iye limatama munthu chisoti ndi sitima pamene mkazi wake anali kuwonetsa kwa waukazi a.

mulungu wina wa dziko wakale, imatengedwa chimake cha dzuwa, anali wolamulira wamkulu wa Ra. chifaniziro chake ngati munthu ali ndi kabawi mutu, korona Dzuŵa litayamba, Nthawi zambiri pa makoma a akachisi a Aigupto nyengo yakale. Nkhani ina RA ndi mphamvu yake kupangidwa tsiku ndi tsiku lopatulika ng'ombe Mtedza ndi ntchito njira yake kumwamba, ndi kuyenda pansi pa madzi mu ufumu wa akufa, kubwereza onse kachiwiri mmawa wotsatira.

Dziwani kuti a Osirisi, zimene tinakambirana pamwamba, kupatula mkazi wake Isisi anali mlongo wina dzina lake Nephthys. Iye anali mulungu m'malo amdima a imfa ndi udindo wa mbuye wa ufumu wa akufa mu nthano Iguputo. Kuyambira chuma chawo mobisa iye anaonekera yekha ndi kolowera dzuwa ndi thambo usiku panjira kupereka mu boti wakuda. chithunzi zambiri kuonedwa pa sarcophagus chivindikiro, pamene zikuoneka mu mawonekedwe a mkazi mapiko.

Si mndandanda wa milungu Aigupto amapita ndi mayina monga Sekhmet, Bastet, Nepid, wina Mönch, Ptah, Hathor, Shesemu, Honshu, Heket ndi ena ambiri. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi mbiri yake ndi chifaniziro chake okhala pa makoma a akachisi ndi mkati mwa mapiramidi.

Dziko za milungu ya Greece

Ancient nthano kupanga kuti yathandiza yaikulu pa chitukuko cha dziko lonse la chikhalidwe European mfundo zake apamwamba anafika mu heyday wa Hellas wakale. Chiyambi cha dziko ndi milungu ku Greece, komanso mu Iguputo, zikuoneka osati mwangozi. Polenga zinthu zonse zimachitika Mlengi wamkulu, amene udindo mu nkhani iyi ikuchitika Zeus. Iye anali mfumu ya milungu ina yonse, Ambuye mphezi ndi mwiniwake wa thambo malire. Mu nthano za Chiroma, amene wakhala mbali ya Greek, chithunzichi zizigwirizana Jupiter, kuvekedwa ndi katundu yemweyo ndi zinthu kunja tinatengera kholo lake. mkazi Zeus a Hera anali mulungu wa mayi ─ patroness, kuteteza akazi pobereka.

Mbali khalidwe la gulu Greek milungu ndi elitism ake. Mosiyana ndi zilembo za nthano Igupto mu Hellas wakale, panali okwana milungu 12 amene anakhala pamwamba pa phiri la Olympus ndi kutsikira pansi okha vuto la mwadzidzidzi. Pankhaniyi, udindo wa milungu ina anali kwambiri m'munsi, ndipo iwo unachita sekondale.

M'pofunikanso ponena wina khalidwe zambiri Mbali milungu Greek ndi Roman ─ iwo anagwidwa kuimira yekha mu thupi la munthu, kupereka ungwiro mbali iliyonse. Masiku ano milungu zakale za ku Girisi ndi odziwika bwino, monga zithunzi zawo nsangalabwi ndi mumangire chitsanzo cha luso wakale.

Osankhika a gulu Greek

Zonse zolowana kuti nkhondo ndipo limodzi ndi mwazi, analamula, mu chifaniziro cha Agiriki akale, milungu iwiri. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Ares, amene anali mosadziletsa mtima ndipo ankachita yekha ndi masewera ndewu otentha. Zeus sanali iye kukhala kwambiri bloodlust ndi analekerera yekha Olympus chifukwa iye anali mwana wake. Ndiko bingu anali kumbali ya mwana wake wamkazi yekha Athena ─ wamkazi wa chilungamo nkhondo, nzeru ndi chidziwitso. Kuwonekera pa munda wa nkhondo, izo tames masiyanidwe m'bale wake mwauchidakwa. Mu nthano za Chiroma, iwo limafanana ndi Minerva.

Dziko la ngwazi ndi milungu ya Greece wakale, ndi kovuta kulingalira popanda mulungu Apollo ─ dzuwa, mchiritsi aluso ndi woyang'anira wa Muses. dzina lake anakhala m'banja dzina zikomo kwa mafano sculptural kutchula muyezo wa kukongola wamwamuna. Pambuyo pa zaka zambirimbiri Aroma Apollo ophatikizidwa mu chifanizo cha Febe.

The lokongola wamkazi, mu maganizo ake za Agiriki akale, ndi mulungu wa chikondi Aphrodite, amene anali zinachitika wa Roma Venus. Anabadwa kuchokera thovu nyanja, kukongola watenga pansi phiko chikondi, ukwati, chonde ndi masika. Ndi chidwi kuti, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa suitors kwambiri kulandira anapereka mtima olumala Hephaestus (Aroma anawatcha Vulcan) ─ mulungu wa blacksmithing ankaona olimbika pa ntchito ndi wosasakaza mwamuna amuna wokongola kuchokera pamwamba pa phiri la Olympus.

Pofuna kuti asakhumudwitse aliyense za milungu ya dziko lakale, kuwerenga kamodzi m'mphepete mwa Greece, tiyeni kukumbukira patroness wa mwezi, chonde, kusaka ndi kudzisunga wamkazi, Atemi (Aroma Diana), wolamulira wa Ufumu wa akufa, Hade, mulungu wa nyanja Poseidon (amatchedwanso Neptune) ndi woledzera wakulungama, mulungu vinyo ndi osangalatsa ─ Diyonisiyo, yomwe imadziwika ndi dzina lake Roma Bakasi.

Monga m'nthawi zakale, chiwerengero cha anthu olambira Mulungu osati Sichinatsitsidwe utachepa, koma zikuchulukirachulukira chaka chilichonse anadzipereka mizere ochepa. Amadziwika kuti Diyonisiyo anabadwa chifukwa cha chikondi chinsinsi cha Zeus ndi kalonga Theban Semele. Nsanje mkazi wa bingu, ndi wamkazi Hera, agwiritsa ntchito chinyengo ndi, anapha zowawa zake zolaula mwamuna wake, koma sanathe awononge mwana naye.

Popeza anadza kwa thandizo la mulungu Heme ─ wapaulendo ndi connoisseur a miyoyo ya anthu, ─ Zeus mseri kwa mkazi wake mwana wake maphunziro nymphs ─ patronesses wopatsa moyo zachilengedwe. Pamene Diyonisiyo atakula mwana rozovoschokogo inasanduka wokongola mnyamata Anamupatsanso mpesa ndipo anaphunzira kuphika kwa zipatso zake zachakumwa wopatsa moyo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, wapathengo mwana wa Zeu anali mulungu wa vinyo ndi chipwirikiti. Greece anthu nampembedza, kukometsera okha ndi nkhata zamaluwa masamba mpesa ndi kuimba nyimbo ulemu wake.

Chiyambi cha nyengo yatsopano

Anthu 12 a kumwamba si mndandanda wa milungu yonse ya dziko lakale, adayimba kamodzi wolemba ndakatulo Greek, anapulumuka kwa mzimu wathu wapadera nthano za akale. Koma akangoyamba kukhala nzika za Olympus, motsogozedwa ndi mafano awo a Osema otchuka ndi amisiri a mibadwo ina, zimene zinabweretsa kutchuka lonse lino chobisika kwa ife makulidwe zaka milungu.

History wakale, monga mwawamba, inatha ndi kugwa kwa Rome mu 476, ndipo abdication wake wa mfumu yomaliza Romulus Augustus. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo dziko anasamukira ku siteji atsopano chitukuko ─ oyambirira Ages Middle. Pang'onopang'ono analowa anaiwalika osati njira ya moyo wakale, komanso milungu imene analenga ndi kutetezedwa naye.

M'malo mwa gulu awo ambiri anadza ─ Mulungu mmodzi, Mlengi ndi Mlengi wa zinthu zonse. Kulambira milungu akale anatsimikizidwa chikunja mdima, ndipo otsatira ake anali zochepa ankazunzidwa, kuposa amene posachedwapa bungwe ndi Akhristu.