English kuyenda panyanja ndipo anatulukira Dzheyms Kuk. Wambiri, mbiri ya ulendo

Dzheyms Kuk ndi mmodzi wa anthu ofufuza chachikulu cha m'ma XVIII. Munthu amene anatsogolera lonse atatu dziko ulendo, anapeza zambiri m'mayiko ena ndi zilumba, woyenda panyanja odziwa, wofufuza ndi mapu - koma ndi amene Dzheyms Kuk. Mwachidule za maulendo ake, onani nkhani imeneyi.

Childhood ndi unyamata

Wofufuzayo tsogolo anabadwa October 27, 1728 m'mudzi wa Marton (England). bambo wake anali mlimi olemera. M'kupita kwa nthawi, banja atasamukira ku mudzi wa Great Ayton, kumene Dzheyms Kuk anaphunzitsidwa pa sukulu ina. Chifukwa banjali linali losauka, makolo a James anakakamizika apite kuphunzira ogulitsa amene ankakhala yaing'ono mwanyanja tawuni Steytese.

Monga mnyamata wa zaka 18 zakubadwa, Dzheyms Kuk, amene yonena limatiuza za iye monga munthu wolimbikira ndi kudzikonda amalimbikitsidwa anasiya ntchito pa ogulitsa ndipo ganyu monga kanyumba mnyamata pa khala sitimayo. Choncho anayamba ntchito yake yoyendetsa sitima. Ngalawa imene iye anapita ku nyanja kwa zaka zingapo choyamba, makamaka ndinawapanikiza pakati London ndi English mzinda wa chitopa. Iye analinso nthawi kukaona Ireland, Norway ndi Nyanja Baltic, ndipo pafupifupi onse nthawi yake ufulu zoyenera kudziletsa maphunziro, chidwi sayansi monga masamu, navigation, zakuthambo ndi madera. Dzheyms Kuk, amene anapereka udindo wapamwamba pa limodzi la zombo za kampani malonda, anasankha tipezekemo panyanja wamba mu Naval zombo UK. Kenako anatenga gawo mu zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri nkhondo, ndipo pambuyo anakathera kukhala mapu odziwa ndi mapu.

Pa ulendo oyamba padziko lonse

Mu 1766 ku Britain Admiralty anaganiza kutumiza ku Pacific Ocean ulendo sayansi, omwe cholinga chawo chinali chosiyana ananena zakuthambo, komanso ena kuwerengetsera lapansi. Komanso, tiyenera kufufuza kugombe la New Zealand, Tasman akanali otsegula mu 1642 anaikidwa mutu wa navigation Dzheyms Kuk. yonena ake, ali paulendo kuposa wina, limene anachita otsogolera.

Dzheyms Kuk tidapita ku Plymouth mu August 1768 ulendo ngalawa anawoloka Atlantic, iye analambalala America South ndipo anatuluka mu Pacific Ocean. ntchito zakuthambo chidachitika pa chilumba cha Tahiti, June 3, 1769, kenako Cook watumiza zombo malangizo kum'mwera kumadzulo, ndi Patadutsa miyezi inayi anafika New Zealand gombe umene bwinobwino ankafufuza pamaso kupitiriza ulendo. Kenako, anapita kwa Australia mwapeza ndi Torres Strait, umene panthawi imeneyo sankadziwika kuti azungu, analambalala izo kuchokera kumpoto, ndipo October 11, 1970 m'chombo ku Batavia. Mu Indonesia, maulendowa zowawa miliri ya malungo ndi kamwazi, amene gawo limodzi la timu anafa. Kuyambira pamenepo, Cook kuloŵera kumadzulo kudutsa nyanja ya Indian Ocean, anamaliza Africa ndi July 12, 1771 anabwerera kwawo.

Ulendo wachiwiri padziko lonse

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha chaka chomwecho British Admiralty kachiwiri analoŵa zonse kusambira. nthawi iyi cholinga chake ndi kuphunzira mbali zambiri unexplored la Southern dziko lapansi ndi kufunafuna ananena kum'mwera Africa. ntchito anapatsidwa James Cook.

zombo ziwiri za ulendo anawolokera mwa Plymouth, 13 July 1772 ndipo 30 October anafika Kapshtadte (tsopano Cape Town), yomwe ili kum'mwera kwa Africa. Pambuyo likhale momwemo kwa zochepa pang'ono kuposa mwezi umodzi, Cook anapitiriza ulendo m'njira kum'mwera. M'katikati mwa December, apaulendo adathamanga mu ayezi olimba, oletsedwa njira ya ngalawa, koma Cook sanali kupereka. Antarctic Circle, anawoloka January 17, 1773, koma posakhalitsa kukakamizidwa kutembenukira zombo chakumpoto. Kwa miyezi ingapo, anapita zilumba zingapo Oceania ndi Pacific, ndipo kenako anapanga pofuna wina kugumula kum'mwera. January 30, 1774 maulendowa anakwanitsa kufika kum'mwera kwa ulendo wake. Cook ndiye kachiwiri walunjika kumpoto, anakafika pazilumba angapo. Dzheyms Kuk, amene yonena mwadzaza atulukira ndipo nthawi imeneyi anapeza chilumba latsopano. Atamaliza maphunziro m'chigawo, anapita kum'mawa anafika December kuti Tierra del Fuego. Maulendowa anabwerera ku England July 13, 1775

Akamaliza a ulendo, amene anapanga Cook wotchuka kwambiri ku Ulaya, analandira mphamvu zatsopano, komanso membala wa Royal Geographical Society, amenenso kupereka iye n'kulandira mendulo ya golidi.

Paulendo wachitatu padziko lonse

Cholinga cha ulendo wotsatira anayamba kufunafuna njira kumpoto-kumadzulo ku Atlantic ku Pacific Ocean. ulendo James Cook anayamba mu Plymouth, kuchokera July 12, 1776 motsogozedwa ndi ulendo wake lamanzere la zombo ziwiri. Ofufuza anafika ku Kapshtadt, ndipo pochokera ku kum'mwera chakum'mawa ndipo pofika cha 1777, anapita Tasmania, New Zealand ndi kwina. M'katikati mwa December chaka chotsatira, maulendowa anapita Islands Hawaii, ndiye adathimiza kutewera kumpoto, kumene Cook anatumiza zombo pamodzi m'malire a Canada ndi Alaska, anawoloka Arctic Circle , ndipo posakhalitsa, potsiriza munakhala mu ayezi olimba, anakakamizika kubwerera kum'mwera.

Mu January 1779 Cook anafika Islands ku Hawaii , ndipo anakhala kumeneko. February 14 pakati amalinyero ndi mbadwa za chilumba cha Hawaii panali nkhondo imene amalinyero angapo, kuphatikizapo Captain Dzheyms Kuk anaphedwa.

Pomaliza

Anasiya Cook - zolemba zake, munali kwambiri deta ethnographic ndiponso madera mobwerezabwereza tinalisindikizanso m'zinenero zambiri. Izi timva lero ndi chidwi makamaka ofufuza. Dzheyms Kuk, amene yonena muli zithunzi zokongola, ndi chimodzi cha apainiya ambiri otchuka pamodzi ndi greats monga Hristofor Kolumb ndi Amerigo Vespucci.