Kievan Lazaro ndi gulu: mavuto ubale mwagwirizana ndi

Pafupifupi 250 zaka za moyo mu Mongol-Chitata goli anali kusokoneza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha Russia. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, boma yafupika maufumu awiri; Novgorod ndi Kiev. Bwanji kuti Golden gulu ndi Lazaro inali yaitali mukudalira kwambiri pa wina ndi mnzake?

Policy okhonda of Ancient Lazaro

Pamaso pa nkhondo ya Lazaro Mongolia pamoyo wawo ndipo anayamba pa chitsanzo Western. Sitingathe kunena kuti mulibe anayesetsa ndondomeko zilizonse achilendo: kukhazikitsa zosiyanasiyana ubale ndi mayiko amene anali pa kumpoto, kumadzulo, ndi kummwera kwa malire dziko. Links anali chikhalidwe, malonda ndi asilikali kugona ndi mitundu yoyandikana nayo. lamuloli zinachitikadi ndi chinayi ndi zaka khumi. Khazar Khanate, yomwe inali m'malire kum'mawa dziko, olamulira Russian sanamuzindikire. Anagonjetsa likulu la Itil Khaganate mu 965 ndipo salinso anagwirizana naye timakhala aliyense zamtendere, kodi analakwitsa lalikulu. Kievan Lazaro ndi Zolotaya Orda anaimirira pakhomo la chochitika, amene adzatchedwa "Chitata Mongol goli."

Onse anali maso anatembenuka Kievan Lazaro ku West, chitukuko wakale amene chikhalidwe, Christian mfundo kwakhudza M'mayiko ambiri osauka. The Balkans, ndi Roma, Germany ndi France - Dziko limene kulimbitsa ubale. Tikakumana Russia ndi gulu? Mavuto a kusokonezedwa m'mayiko amenewa nthawi anapita kwa nthawi yaitali.

Zimene zikuchitika ku Middle East

Pa nthawi pamene Russia ndi ubale ndi Europe ndi chitukuko yake, amwenye anapambana mayiko Arab ndi Middle East. Iwo anayesera kufalitsa chikhulupiriro chake Chisilamu pakati pa anthu. Mu 20s ndipo 30s za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu chikoka cha anthu a Asia anayamba kufalitsa mu maiko a kumwera kwa Ulaya, ndipo ngakhale kuti Hungary. Koma mbali ambiri akhudzidwa wa European East makamaka gawo la Russia.

Chitata Mongolia anagonjetsa uliri disjointed chotero mochedwa chitukuko. Lazaro ndi Zolotaya Orda, mbiri ya mgwilizano umene unatha zaka zoposa ziwiri, kwakhudza zinthu geopolitical. Zofuna akalonga anasamuka kumadzulo kupita kum'mawa: kumayiko Asian. Ndinasintha udindo wa Russia: dziko watha kukhala pawokha. Tsopano zinali boma m'manja mwa kuwerenga maganizo a amwenye.

Mugone Chirasha gulu

Zinatha kudalira izi mwagwirizana ndi zaka pafupifupi 250 zaka. Pa nthawi imeneyi nthawi angasinthe kwambiri zimene zinachitika, ndi Russia, ndi boma Ordynsky. Ichi ndi masoka njira ya chikoka tonse mayiko awiri yogwirizana. Zolotaya Orda ndi Russia kwa lonse mbiri nthawi kulankhulana musanaganizire kuti masinthidwe zamoyo zinachita zimene zikugwirizananso mu boma ndi makhalidwe a m'mayiko awiriwa. Mongol-Chitata goli, limene unakhala kuchokera 1243 mpaka 1480 chaka anayamba kubwerera mu 1237. Pamene anachita wake anawazunza Batu. Lazaro ndi gulu, mavuto kuwasokoneza, amene adakali kuoneka mu nthawi iyi anali angoyamba ake asapita yaitali mbiri ndi chitukuko.

Mmisonkhano Batu kumpoto kum'mawa gawo la Russia zowawa anawonongera, chiwonongeko ndi imfa ya anthu. Ena mwa iwo anaphedwa, ena - anatengedwa ukapolo. Kusokoneza magulu ankhondo anafunika achire, ndipo zinamutengera nthawi yambiri. Zikomo kuyesetsa Aleksandra Nevskogo mu chaka cha forte cha m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu anali chete ndi kuukira: unachita zokambirana, ndi nthawi ya mapangidwe ambiri a gulu. The Khans anali otanganidwa kumanga akuphatikizapo mkati.

Baskachestvo ndi kulanda mu Russia

Ntchito ya Mongol khans anali kulanda m'mayiko ena ndi misonkho ya msonkho awo. Iwo sizinasinthe kanthu pa nkhani zimenezi ndipo musawaletse angagwirizanitse kwa iye. Koma msonkho zomwe iwo umene mitundu anali zolusa. Russia ndi gulu ubwenzi anamukwiyira sefani: anakhudzidwa mavuto mwagwirizana mu maukulu a. Cha m'ma makumi asanu panali nkhondo ndi asilikaliwa. Kupondereza Golden gulu anali nakweza ndi kudutsa chaka chilichonse, ndipo anthu sanathe kupereka msonkho, choncho anatsutsa malipiro.

Anthu anali anasintha mu zaka ziwiri - ndi 1257 kuti 1259, nayikapo msonkho awiri kwa Khans: Orda ndi Mongolian. Pang'onopang'ono izo anadziwana ndi baskachestvo. Anatumiza akuluakulu, amene anatsatira mndandanda wa msonkho anacemerwa baskaks. Mothandizidwa ndi anthu awo anali omvera. Komanso, udindo wa anthu a m'gulu la usilikali, amene ayenera kukwaniritsa. Baskakov zinkaperekedwa ndi detachment a asilikali ndi mphamvu utsogoleri umene kusunga dongosolo pa dera apatsidwa.

Akalonga a utumiki wa gulu

Tax alimi anasonkhana msonkho anthu ndiponso ankaimba udindo wa wobwereketsayo: ulimi msonkho dongosolo anali mavuto kwa malipiro. Choncho anthu kulowa ukapolo moyo wawo wonse. amafuna Wachiwawa zinachititsa kuti kusakhutira otchuka, Gona kukula kwa Russia ndi oimira gulu anamva izo. The funde la kupanduka kuti kwasesa maukulu ambiri, anali chizindikiro. malo Central, komwe anthu anaimirira ndi ntchito ya, wakhala Rostov. Kumbuyo kwake ananyamuka Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Suzdal. M'mizinda yambiri kugalukira chinachitika mu 1289. Mu Tver - mu 1293 ndi 1327, motero. Pambuyo anaphedwa Cholhan, wachibale wa Chiuzibeki Khan, ndipo anamenyedwa mobwerezabwereza mwa alimi msonkho, akuluakulu a boma anaganiza kupereka Golden gulu mndandanda wa akalonga msonkho Russian. Iwo anachita kulanda ndi kulipira gulu "kuchoka".

"Zotuluka" ndi "zopempha"

Pali mtundu wina kulanda - ". Pempho" ndi ndalama zina kuti anasonkhana kwa anthu pamene Khans ankakonza yokopa latsopano asilikali. Lazaro ndi gulu, mavuto awo kulimbikitsana ndi mzake, kupanga moyo anthu amene tikukumana nawo. Olamulira a gulu linali zaphindu kuti Russia panali kusagwirizana pakati pa maukulu ang'onoang'ono. Iwo makamaka anakankhira akalonga pakati pawo, anafesa chisokonezo pakati pa iwo.

Panali pa nthawi imeneyi, ndi dongosolo la zolemba: makalata, amene anapatsidwa kwa anthu amene akanatha mpando wa. Kuthandiza kalonga mmodzi, khans wa Golden gulu kukhazikitsa kudzamenyana naye wina. Amene anali osakhutira ndi ulamuliro wa gulu, anaitanidwa ku Khan, ndi kale uchinyali chokana kutsutsana naye. Chotero tsoka ndi anachitika Mihaila Yaroslavicha Tverskogo ndi mwana wake Fyodor. akalonga ambiri ndi boyars anagwa akapolo ku Mongolia.

akuluakulu gulu nthawizonse zakhala ziri pa Akalonga ndi mosamala anaonerera lokhala wosasangalala awo: kuti kuyenda. Mu chilengedwe, kukhala paubwenzi Russia ndi gulu.

Zolotaya Orda mkati

Pamene Genghis Khan anathamangitsa mfundo zake m'mayiko anagonjetsa, Ndi bwino kukhala wololera kwambiri a chipembedzo. Mfundo akadafuna wolamulirayo ndi otsatira ake. Chifukwa Khans anayesa kukhalabe kugwirizana ndi mpingo: anamuchotsera msonkho, anapatsidwa zolemba - makalata. mphamvu zake pa tchalitchi ankafuna kugonjetsa gulu khans zakukanira anthu Russian. Mchitidwe umenewu wa Russia ndi Golden gulu inapitirira kwa zaka zambiri. Koma sikuti zonse kuti ndi boma Mongolian: nawonso munkachitika mikangano ang'onoang'ono, ndipo anafooka.

Ndipo mu Russia pa nthawi ino, m'zaka XIV, kayendedwe otchuka ayesetsa kuchepetsa Mongol-Chitata goli. Pofuna kuti asataye chikoka pa anthu, mpingo ndi olamulira anasintha malo awo. Tsopano amalalikira yomasulira Russia ku Mongolia.

Chiyambi cha mapeto

Woyamba amene anafuulira thandizo kwa lingaliro yomenyera anali Sergiy Radonezhsky ndi akumatauni Alexei. Kulikov nkhondo, umene unachitika mu 1380, anabweretsa kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali a Mamaia ndipo kwambiri wofooka chiguluchi. Mu 1408 - Yedigei mu 1439 - Khan Ulu-Muhammed anapanga maulendo zinalephereka kwa Russia: kuukira anali atathamangitsidwa. Koma wina zaka 15 kupereka msonkho kwa boma Chitata Mongol. Against maziko awa, Russia ndi gulu (mavuto ubale peaked) anazimitsa maudindo: Russia logwirizana ndi kulimbitsa, ndi chiguluchi - wofooka.

olamulira Mongol kuti anali ndi mavuto ndi Crimea Khanate: vuto kwa iwo kusanduka kwambiri. mphindi ino mbiri ya ntchito Ivan III: mu 1476 anakana kupereka msonkho kwa gulu. Koma kumasulidwa lomaliza la Russia anatenga malo okhawo 1480, pamene Han Ahmed anatenga kampeni lina lankhondo. Kampaniyi walephera ndipo anabweretsa kugonjetsedwa wina asilikaliwa. Choncho, anasintha pang'onopang'ono ubale wa Russia ndi gulu Golden anali yomenyera goli.

mavuto a kulowelera

N'zovuta kuderera kusintha komwe kumachitika kwa anthu ndi anthu pa zinthuzi yaitali m'mbiri. N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti anatenga pafupifupi zaka mazana atatu, akalonga ndi lonse chigamulo osankhika anamvetsa - mu mphamvu ya mgwirizano. Popeza anapulumuka Mongol-Chitata goli, anthu a Russia anali ogwirizana ndi boma centralized. Icho chinali kuphatikiza nthawi imeneyo. Koma inu simungakhoze kuzikana chakuti zotsatira zake zinali kwambiri chifukwa cha chitukuko cha mayiko onse, amene ali Russia ndi gulu. mavuto kusokonezedwa anachititsa kuchedwa zina za boma la Russia ku ambiri chitukuko European: dziko akadali nthawi yaitali kuti achire zotsatira choopsa cha goli. Mavuto mizinda ndi anawononga Duchy chofunika nthawi yaitali. Koma anasunga Orthodox Christianity, amene wakhala ulalo mu moyo wa anthu ndi boma.