Mbiri ya Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 14

m'ma 14 - nthawi ya kusintha kwakukulu mu moyo wa maukulu Russian. Mu nthawi yakale imeneyi potsiriza anapereka mphamvu ya Golden gulu pa madera kumpoto kum'mawa m'mayiko Russian. Pang'onopang'ono pakati fiefdoms yaing'ono inflames ndi yolimbirana ulamuliro ndi kulenga padziko fiefdom lake latsopano boma centralized. Only khama olowa m'dziko Russian akhoza kutaya pa gori la wongosamukasamuka ndi kutenga malo ake mwa mphamvu European. Mwa mizinda yakale, adzawonongedwa kotheratu ndi Chitata anawazunza, panalibe mphamvu, palibe osankhika ndale, kapena mphamvu, kotero kuti ngakhale Kiev kapena Vladimir ndi Suzdal sanathe amati ndi ulamuliro tsogolo la pakati. Lazaro m'zaka 14 anayambitsa okondedwa latsopano mu mpikisano. Iwo Novgorod Republic, Grand Duchy la Lithuania ndi Muscovy.

Novgorod dziko. Kufotokoza mwa chidule za

Mu masiku akale, Mongolian apakavalo sichinandifike Novgorod. mzinda linatukuka unachitikira kukopa kwake chifukwa malo wofunika pakati pa mayiko Baltic, kum'mawa Russian m'mayiko ndi Grand Duchy la Lithuania. Ozizira chithunzithunzi zaka 13-14 (Little Ice Age) kwambiri yafupika zokolola mayiko a Novgorod, Novgorod koma sanafe ndipo anakhala watanthauzo ndi kuwonjezeka kufunika kwa rye ndi tirigu m'misika Baltic.

chipangizo Political Novgorod

Kapangidwe andale a mzinda pafupi miyambo Asilavo Komiti. mawonekedwe kasamalidwe zochitika mkati analipo m'mayiko ena Russian, koma pambuyo ukapolo wa Russia msanga anabwera osaonekanso. Mwalamulo, akuluakulu mu ukulu Vershilo Komiti - muyezo mawonekedwe a boma wakale. Koma zoona mbiri ya Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 14 ku Novgorod kupereka manja nzika olemera. dzinthu akagulitse ndi malonda yogwira mbali zonse zinalengedwa mwa Novgorod yotakata stratum wa anthu olemera - "Golden lamba", zomwe zili ntchito kuchita ndale mu ukulu wa.

Mpaka inalowa komaliza kwa Moscow ukulu wa Novgorod dziko lawo linali zochuluka koposa zonse chimene chimagwirizanitsa Russia m'zaka 14.

Chifukwa Novgorod inasandulika chilikati

m'dera Novgorod sanali kuli anthu, ngakhale mu heyday wa ukulu a anthu Novgorod sankafuna upambana anthu 30 zikwi -. kuchuluka Zimenezi kapena kugonjetsa m'mayiko oyandikana, kapena adzawalange mu mphamvu yawo. Ngakhale mbiri ya 14 m'ma Novgorod adzaitana imodzi mwa malo waukulu wa Chikhristu, Mpingo mu ukulu wa mphamvu yaikulu anali. Koma vuto lina lalikulu anali chonde otsika a Novgorod ndi kudalira kwambiri m'madera ambiri kum'mwera. Novgorod ndinayamba zambiri amadalira Moscow, ndipo patapita umodzi mwa mizinda ya Moscow ukulu.

Alembe chachiwiri. Grand Duchy la Lithuania

Mbiri ya Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 14 sangakhale kwathunthu popanda kufotokoza amene amadza kuti wakhala pa mayiko a azungu Duchy la Lithuania (ON). Unakhazikitsidwa pa bwinja la zigawo zazikulu za Kiev, izo wasonkhanitsa pansi mbendera ake Lithuanians, ndi Balts ndi Asilavo. Against limakhala kuukira zonse gulu rusichi Western ndinawona mu Lithuania mtetezi zachilengedwe ndi ankhondo a Golden gulu.

Mphamvu ndi chipembedzo mu ON

Mphamvu wamkulu boma a kalonga - komanso ankatchedwa Gospodar. Iye atamvera atumiki ang'onoang'ono - pany. Posachedwa ON limapezeka wodziimira malamulo thupi - nyumba yamalamulo, lomwe ndi bungwe la ambuye otchuka ndi kulimbikitsa udindo wawo m'madera ambiri a mfundo za m'banja. The Vuto lalikulu linali kupanda makwerero bwino motsatizana - imfa ya Prince yapita chikwiyire infighting pakati akulowetsani mmalo osiyanasiyana, ndipo nthawi zambiri accrue ufumu si lamulo palokha, ndipo kwambiri oipa a iwo.

Religion mu Lithuania

Monga chipembedzo, zaka za m'ma 14 ali si linasankhidwa yeniyeni vekitala Duchy la Lithuania malingaliro a chipembedzo ndi sympathies. Lithuanians akhala bwinobwino anachititsa pakati Chikatolika ndi ziphunzitso, mu mtima wake achikunjabe. Prince akhoza kubatizidwa mu Chikatolika, ndipo bishopu nthawi yomweyo amati Orthodoxy. Unyinji yotakata wamba ndi m'tauni makamaka Pamilunguyo Orthodox anayamba m'ma 14 malinga kusankha chikhulupiriro mndandanda wa ogwirizana zotheka ndi adani. Pakuti Chikatolika anali Europe wamphamvu, Orthodoxy anakhalabe m'mayiko a kum'mawa, amene nthawi zonse operekedwa zikhulupiriro zina.

Bwanji Lithuania

West Russia mu zaka 14-15, mwaluso anachititsa pakati pa Golden gulu ndi ankhondowo European. Zimenezi yosayenera maphwando yaikulu ndondomeko zaka zonse izo. Koma atamwalira Algirdas mphamvu ukulu wa wadutsa mu manja a Jagiello. Mu mawu a Krevsk Union, iye anakwatira heiress wa Commonwealth nakhala de A facto wolamulira kwa dziko lalikulu. Chikatolika pang'onopang'ono atagonjetsa mu muzochitika zones za moyo national. The mphamvu ya chipembedzo ankhanza kukhale kovuta kwa mgwirizano wa maiko kumpoto kum'mawa padziko Lithuania, Vilnius Choncho sanakhale Moscow.

Muscovy

Mmodzi wa m'malinga ambiri yaing'ono padziko nzika zawo apangidwe Dolgoruky Vladimir ukulu, mu udindo waukulu pa mphambano ya njira zamalonda. Little Moscow ndinkakhala nalo amalonda ochokera kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo, mwayi kwa Volga ndi kugombe la kumpoto. m'ma 14 anabweretsa Moscow kwambiri nkhondo ndi chiwonongeko, koma nthawi iliyonse nkhondo ya mzinda kuti adzamangidwanso. Moscow Kenako anabalalikira wolamulira yake - kalonga - ndi bwino atsata mfundo molimbikitsa anthu amene zokambirana zosiyanasiyana mwamphamvu kukhazikika mu osiyanasiyana latsopano. Nthawi zonse patsogolo m'dera kunathandiza kulimbitsa mphamvu ndi udindo wa ukulu a. Mu boma lamanja la ufumu mtheradi, ndi kutsatira dongosolo la motsatizana. Mphamvu ya mwana wamkulu si mikangano, ndipo panali m'mayiko kwambiri ndi zabwino za ukulu woyang'anira wake. yonena Moscow kwambiri kuchuluka pambuyo ukulu kugonjetsa Mamai mu 1380 - mmodzi wa kupambana kwambiri amene adapindulira pochita Russia m'zaka 14. History wathandiza Moscow adzuke ndi pa odana wake wosatha - Tiberiya. Pambuyo kuwukira wina Mongol wa mzinda sangathe achire bankirapuse ndipo anakhala m'manja mwa Moscow.

kulimbitsa statehood

Mbiri ya Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 14 pang'onopang'ono amaika Moscow pa mutu wa boma limodzi. Komabe chinyengo champhamvu cha chiguluchi, koma zonena kwambiri m'mayiko kumpoto kum'mawa kwa anansi kumpoto ndi kumadzulo. Koma anawomberedwa mpaka mwala woyamba Orthodox mu Moscow, chinawonjezeka udindo wa mpingo, umene unali kwambiri chidwi ndi chilengedwe cha boma limodzi. Komanso, m'zaka 14 zinthu zinasintha chifukwa zipambano ziŵiri. Nkhondo ya Kulikov m'munda anasonyeza kuti Golden gulu, mukhoza athamangitse wa dziko Russian. The nkhondo yaitali ndi Grand Duchy la Lithuania inathera ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Lithuanians, ndi Vilnius muyaya anasiya ankafuna Ulaya ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo. Choncho Moscow wapanga njira choyamba cha kukhazikitsidwa kwa statehood ake.