Russia: history, masiku kiyi ndi zochitika

Kwa zaka zingapo, Russia wakhala zokwera ndi zotsika, koma mapeto anakhala ufumu ndi likulu lake mu Moscow.

periodization mwachidule

Mbiri ya Russia anayamba m'chaka 862, pamene Novgorod anafika Viking Rurik, kulengezedwa kalonga uyu mzinda. Pamene m'malo pakati ndale anasamukira ku Kiev. Ndi isanayambike kugawikana mu Russia, mmizinda ayamba kukangana wina ndi mzake kuti yakukhala yaikulu m'mayiko East Asilavo.

Izi nthawi ang'onoang'ono unasokonezedwa ndi nkhondo ya Mongol khamu ndi kukhazikitsa goli. Mu mavuto adzaoneni za nkhondo zonse ndi chiwonongeko makamaka mzinda Russian anali Moscow, amene anafika limodzi Russia ndipo anapanga palokha ake. Mu XV - zaka XVI, ndi dzina la chinthu chakale. Iye m'malo mwa mawu akuti "Russia", amawatenga kalembedwe Byzantine.

Pali mfundo zingapo view pa funso la pamene chinthu chakale ang'onoang'ono Russia mu historiography ano. Nthawi zambiri, akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti zimenezi zinachitika mu 1547, pamene Prince Ivan anatenga mutu wa mfumu.

Zikamera wa Russia

Ancient United Russia, mbiri ya limene linayamba m'zaka za m'ma IX, pambuyo, pamene 882 chaka Novgorod kalonga Oleg anagonjetsa Kiev ndi mudzi uno likulu lake. Mu nyengo iyi ya East Asilavo mafuko anagawidwa mabungwe angapo kuswana (kuchotsa Dregovichi, Krivichi ndi T. D.). Ena a iwo akusemphana ndi mzake. Anthu a steppes komanso analipira msonkho kwa Khazars alendo ankhanza.

Choncho, choyamba akalonga Kievan anatanganidwa kwambiri akuyesera kuti kuphatikiza m'madera onse a mafuko mu ulamuliro wake. Kujambula boma centralized anali limodzi ndi nkhondo ndi mikangano. Mwachitsanzo, Prince Igor Ryurikovich (912-945) anaphedwa Drevlyane, amene anafuna msonkho kwambiri.

Mkhristu Byzantium anali Woyesana wina, amene anamenya achikunja Lazaro. Mbiri za nkhondo inayamba Oleg, yemwe anali olamulira woyamba wa Kiev anapita pa maboti kum'mwera kupeza msonkho Agiriki. maulendo izi mpaka m'ma XI. Ena a iwo anali ochita bwino ammudzimo, pamene ena zinathera m'chaka kulephera.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity

Mwambo wofunika kwambiri kuti wopyoza Kievan Lazaro, kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity anali. Zimenezi zinachitika mu 988, mu ulamuliro Vladimira Svyatoslavicha. kalonga uyu ankafuna kusiya chikhulupiriro chachikunja ndi kupeza ogwirizana latsopano. kusankha adagwa pa Mkhristu Ufumu wa Byzantium, amene kuyambira pamenepo Russia apanga asapita kwambiri. Chisankho mmene ziphunzitso mbiri dziko mpaka masiku ano. Mu 1054 tchalitchi chonse Mkhristu aona magawano kwambiri, kenako kholo la Constantinople ndi Papa adampereka lililonse anathema ena. boma Russian anakhalabe chikale ndi atagwa Byzantium m'zaka XV, linalinso malo a dziko Orthodoxy.

Yambani kugawikana

Pansi Vladimir (978-1015) ngati feuds tinkayamba. Kievan Yairo unalowa m'nyengo ya kugawikana ndale. Zimenezi zimachitika kwa mayiko onse European akale.

Yokhala, zinachitika chifukwa dongosolo la motsatizana imene kalonga kufa anayenera kugawana mphamvu zake pakati pa ana ake, omwe de A facto anayamba kulamulira palokha. Kugawikana anali zifukwa chozama zachuma. Mizinda wolemera kulandira ndalama malonda ndi makonsolo chuma, sangakhale Kumvetsela ku Kiev.

Akukhulupirira kuti Russia wakale anakumana pachimake pamene Yaroslav mwana wa Vladimir (1015-1054). Yomaliza anakwanitsa kugonjetsa abale ake ndi kukhala akulamulira yekha dziko. Komabe, ana ake ndi zidzukulu boma ochuluka asamathe. Akalonga a Russia sanafune kumvera mfumu ya Kiev. Pali latsopano malo zandale: Chernigov, Rostov, Polotsk, Galich, Smolensk, etc. akali chosiyana Veliky Novgorod, amene anali ndi udindo wapadera Veche - Assembly Anthu, lomwe nthawi zambiri zotsutsana ndi mphamvu kalonga ...

m'ma XII

M'zaka za m'ma XII anadza kugawikana lenileni la Russia. Mu 1136 dongosolo Republican anakhazikitsidwa mu Novgorod. Kuyambira pamenepa olamulira analandira mphamvu pa maziko voti, osati ungwiro, monga m'mayiko ena. Mfundo zofanana wachita zinthu Pskov. Mbali ina yofunika anali kumpoto, kum'mawa Russia. Mbiri ya chitukuko amagwirizana ndi dzina la Yuriya Dolgorukogo (amene anafa mu 1157). Pamene linakhazikitsidwa ndi Moscow, ndi midzi zofunika kwambiri dziko wakhala kukula ndi Suzdal.

mwana wake Andrew Bogolyubskii anakweza malo atsopano - Vladimir pa-Klyazma. Naye mu 1168 akalonga mgwirizano kuchokera ku dziko anagwira Kiev, kenako anasiya tanthauzo lake ndale. Kugawikana kwa Russia anali limodzi ndi nkhondo zonse ndi wongosamukasamuka okhala ndi steppes kum'mwera. Choyamba chinali Pechenegs m'zaka XII malo awo unatengedwa ndi Polovtsy. mafuko Turkic ankasiyana militancy. Steppe zambiri mundilanda Russia. Mbiri za nkhondo kwambiri Odziwika ulendo Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor mu 1185. Nkhani ya ntchito imeneyi zinalephereka asilikali anapanga maziko a chipilala amakezana mabuku Chirasha "Lay."

Kuwukira Mongol

njira Old wa anakomoka pamene malo anabwera Polovtsian Mongol magulu. kwawo anali Pribaikalskaya steppe. The lodziwika bwino Genghis Khan anagonjetsa mbali yaikulu ya Asia, kuphatikizapo China. mdzukulu wake Batu Khan unatenga ulamuliro wa yapadera ku Europe. Pa ulendo wake anali olamulira wa Russia.

Chifukwa kugawikana ndi kusowa kwa mugwirizano Asilavo olamulira sanathe kufunsa gulu akhoza expostulate asilikaliwa. Mu zaka 1237-1240. Gulu imawonongeka pafupifupi onse Russian m'mizinda ikuluikulu kupatula Novgorod, amene anali kwambiri kumpoto. Kuyambira pamenepo, akalonga Asilavo anakhala tributary ku Mongolia. M'chigawo cha Volga Zolotaya Orda iwo unalengedwa. khans lake anasonkhana msonkho, komanso anapereka njira yachidule kulamulira kumakana olamulira kuumitsa mtima wake, iwo sanali.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Baltic States anali Catholic asilikali kumene kumakhala Amonke malamulo. Papa bungwe misonkhano ndi achikunja ndi osakhulupirira. Choncho panali dongosolo Livonia. vuto linanso anali kumadzulo Sweden. Mmenemonso ndi zina Russian anali ampatuko. Aggressors anakana Prince a Novgorod, Alexander. Mu 1240 iye anapambana Nkhondo ya Neva, ndipo patapita zaka ziwiri - ndi Ice.

Yonseyi Russia

The kumpoto ndi Great Russia inasandulika chilikati cha nkhondo yolimbana ndi asilikaliwa. atasemphana Izi zinachititsa akalonga ka Moscow. Poyamba, anakhoza kupeza ufulu woti azitolera msonkho kuchokera m'mayiko onse Russian. Choncho, ya kobiri akutsirizira mu Moscow zopereka. Pamene anapeza mphamvu zokwanira wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy anali mu asamenyane lotseguka ndi khans wa Golden gulu. Mu 1380, asilikali ake anagonjetsa Mamai.

Koma ngakhale bwino iyi, winanso m'ma Muscovite olamulira nthawi analipira msonkho. Pokhapokha ataima pa Ugra mu 1480 goli potsiriza waponya. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pansi Ivan III wa pafupifupi maiko onse Russian anali ogwirizana padziko Moscow, kuphatikizapo Novgorod. Mu 1547 mdzukulu wake, Ivan Grozny anatenga mutu wa mfumu, chimene chinali kumapeto kwa nkhani ya mkulu wa Russia ndi chiyambi cha watsopano lachifumu Russia.