Ankhonya Kupanduka: kufotokoza, mbiri zolinga zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira

Mu November 1899 China ankhonya Kupanduka kunabuka. Iyi ndi ntchito wowerengeka anauzidwa ndi anthu akunja anasefukira zakuthambo. Kupha amishonale Ulaya kuti mphamvu Western kulengeza nkhondo pa China.

Zifukwa ndi zolinga

Pa mapeto a XIX atumwi ku China kuti angokhala m'badwo wa Qing Ufumu. Ngakhale mutu catchy, boma sakanakhoza kukana chikoka cha mphamvu Western. Choyamba ku Beijing anali British. Anakakhala osati likulu komanso madoko pamalo abwino ofunika. Azungu anali chidwi kwambiri malonda chikoka chawo mu Asia East, zomwe analonjeza phindu lalikulu.

mavuto ofanana Japan anakumana. Mu theka lachiwiri la XIX m'ma m'dzikoli anayamba kusintha kwa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe ndi chuma m'njira Western. Mu China, kutembenuka ofanana analephera. ndondomeko kudzipatula ku Ulaya anadza kwa kanthu chinachitika.

wamba kusakhutira

Choyamba, maulamuliro Western zinali zochepa mwayi malonda. Koma mofanana theka lachiwiri la m'ma XIX anayamba kulanda madoko Chinese. Kudzera mwa iwo, dziko anasefukira ndi alendo amishonale amene anaphunzitsa kuphatikizapo Chikhristu.

Ine sanali ndiwofatsa anthu ophweka. Komanso, kumayambiriro kwa 1890. alimi kugundidwa ndi chilala angapo ndipo ena masoka achilengedwe, potsiriza mosatsata minda yawo kale yaing'ono. The kusakhutira anthu osauka kwachititsa chakuti ankhonya Chipanduko chinayamba mu China. Mu historiography, imatchedwanso monga ankhonya.

mowiriza kugalukira

Dzina "ankhonya" anauzidwa kuti mamembala anapanga magulu polimbana alendo. Poyamba, formations izi anabalalika ndi lachibadwa, koma ndi kupita kwa nthawi, iwo anali ogwirizana wamba dziko zosonyeza kukonda kuyenda. Ankhonya Kupanduka anali kwenikweni ndi amishonale ena ndi Akhristu Chinese. mamembala Team ankachita lachinsinsi ndi achipembedzo miyambo, zinachokera ku chikhalidwe Chinese mipatuko. chikhumbo china chofunika kwambiri mwa opandukawo anali makalasi zonse fistfights. Ndi chifukwa cha ichi iwo anali kutchedwa komanso "boxers".

The ankhonya chibatizidwireni wa osema osauka, anthu wamba osauka, asilikali demobilized usilikali, ndipo ngakhale achinyamata ndi azimayi. Yotsirizira ndi chopangitsa kudabwa ku Ulaya si anazolowera kuona chinachake chonga ichi kunyumba. Ankhonya Kupanduka (makamaka pa siteji koyamba) anali kuzisintha aliyense. Mu nkhani ya zotsatira asilikali chisokonezo zambiri anaukira osati alendo komanso kumudzi yosavuta wamba. anawazunza amenewa idatha looting. Chifukwa china chimene anthu ambiri ku China sizigwirizana ankhonya.

hayala magalimoto

Pa ankhonya inaimika yakeyake 10 malamulo kuti aphedwe anali kulamulidwa. hayala uyu anali atawathira zongoganiza, lomwe ndi mbali khalidwe la gulu lonse. Mwachitsanzo, "Boxers" ankakhulupirira kuti ali invulnerability poyerekezera projectiles ndi zipolopolo. Mfundo imeneyi wakhala enshrined mu hayala.

Pa nthawi yomweyo ihetuanej anafotokoza imfa anzawo ku mabala chipolopolo kuti imfa zitha kukhala mmodzi wa anthu opandukawo, amene anataya chikhulupiriro chawo mwa milungu woona. kusakhulupirika Izi analangidwa kotero kuti mizimu anachoka kwa msilikali. mfundo imeneyi zimathandiza kusunga zonse za anthu malodza detachments chilango mkulu. M'kupita kwa nthawi, pakati pa "boxers" anali okhudzidwa looting, ndiwo chilango ndi warlords. abe iliyonse (kuphatikizapo alendo) asilikaliwo kutenga makonsolo. Kwa Akhristu Chinese Mtima ofunika. Mpatuko anayenera kusiya chikhulupiriro chawo chatsopano, mwinamwake iye anali kuyembekezera imfa.

Kuphatikiza a boma ndi zigawenga

The zisudzo oyambirira a komweko ihetuanej chinachitika mu 1897. Koma anafunika angapo zaka kuonetsetsa kuti gulu wakhala lonse moona kwambiri. Mu November 1899, boma Chinese ayesera kudzilimbitsa kusintha dziko, koma alephera. The E ndi inspirer wa njira yatsopano ya Mfumu Guangxu anathamangitsidwa. Sinthani anali azakhali ake Cixi. Izo poyera anathandiza opandukawo.

Izi zisanachitike, pamene panayambira wa zisudzo kumpoto China watumiza khamu lachifumu. Anadwala kulephera angapo. Mu zinthu izi, boma ndi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira osayanjanitsika n'kuyamba kuchita nkhondo olowa ndi anthu akunja. Pamaso cholinga ankhonya Kupanduka akadali mu chiwonongeko cha boma, lomwe wakhala njira ya kusintha ovomereza-Western. Tsopano, mawu awa zachotsedwa. Pakutha 1899 chiwerengero cha anthu opanduka wafika anthu 100 sauzande.

moto linaphulika

alendo ambiri anali Beijing, kumene koposa zonse, komanso inali kotala zamtendere. Komabe, ambiri a European ankagwiritsidwa anali m'mizinda ina .. Liaoyang, Jilin, Yingkou, Mukden, etc. Iwo anali malo chachikulu cha mavuto. Amakhumudwa Chinese pogroms ndi kuphana amishonale. Ankhonya (ankhonya) kugalukira amakakamizidwa mayiko Western kutumiza reinforcements kwa China. Kalikiliki lingaliro limeneli linali Russia, ndi China amene adali ndi mmene lingamutsatire m'malire.

Reinforcements anayamba kufika mu Qing ufumu kwa Vladivostok ndi Port Arthur. Mu gawo loyamba la chiwembu ndi mphamvu Russian m'chigawo analamula Evgeny Alekseev. Patapita nthawi, m'malo ndi Nikolai Linevich. Nthawiyi, zipolowe ku China wayamba yaikulu kwambiri. Gululo anatentha mipingo Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Orthodox, ndipo m'sukulu. Chakumapeto May, gulu lalikulu la asilikali a "boxers" anasamukira ku Beijing. June 11 asilikali analowa likulu ndi mfuti, anachita zoopsa mwazi, amene akuvutika m'gulu alendo ambiri. Ankhonya M'gulu anakwanitsa lidzakudzidzimutseni America ndi Britain amene adakocheza ku Tianjin ndipo anapita kupulumutsa muno mu Beijing. Pang'onopang'ono mkangano anakopeka mphamvu zonse zomwe zachitika China a dera lawo la chikoka. Icho chinali United States, Germany, Japan, Austria-Hungary, Russia, UK, Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands ndi Belgium.

Kukhetsedwa mwazi Beijing

Kwa kanthawi, boma Chinese, pozindikira kuti pafupi nkhondo yaikulu, anayesa kukambirana ndi azungu. Papayu Qing boma pakati pa mayiko ena ndi opanduka sakanakhoza kukhala wopandamalire. Mfumukazi Cixi anayenera kusankha mbali iti yomwe idzafunike definitively. June 21, 1900 izo mwalamulo kulengeza nkhondo a ku Ulaya ndi Japan. Chinthu molimba anasankha kukhala pogrom chadzidzidzi ndi ankhonya m'chigawo akazembe a Beijing dzana. M'kupita kwa ntchito imeneyi ya mwamantha anapha kazembe German ku China.

Mfumukazi anapita mgwirizano ndi ndi opandukawo mu malo oyamba chifukwa anali kuopa anthu wamba chifukwa chosakhutitsidwa kuposa alendo. Mantha analungamitsidwa. Zimayambitsa wa ankhonya chiwembu anali kudana Akhristu. Usiku wa pa June 24, 1900, izi zinachititsa ukali kuti Chinese onse Beijing aphedwa, kudzinenera chipembedzo kumadzulo. chochitika choopsa anadziwika ku Ulaya watsopano St. Bartholomew. Kenako, amene anakhudzidwa ndi kuphedwa anali canonized ndi tchalitchi cha Orthodox.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa opandukawo

August 2, mphamvu anagwirizana anapezerapo kuukira Beijing. 13 chiwerengero cha asilikali Russian anaonekera mu mzinda wa mzinda. Mfumukazi yomweyo anasiya likulu ndipo anasamukira Xi'an. Ankhonya Kupanduka (ankhonya Kupanduka) mu China pachimake. Akunde osakhutira ku Beijing zikutanthauza kuti ndawala lonse wathedwa ndi anthu akunja.

Asilikali ake likulu anayamba pa August 15. Tsiku lotsatira, Beijing anali mu manja a anagwirizana mphamvu. Tsopano, chamene wokhetsa magazi anakhala Manchuria. Mu October, m'chigawo cha kumpoto wakhala kwathunthu anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a Russia. Opaleshoni imeneyi kwathunthu anapondereza ankhonya Anakana. Zotsatira za phukusi yachilendo sizinali bwino kapena boma Chinese kapena anagwirizana mayiko. Ngakhale pamaso opandukawo anali potsiriza anagonjetsedwa, mayiko a ku Ulaya anayamba mbuyo gawo Qing chitumbuwa.

zotsatira

September 7, 1901 anagonjetsa China anapangana ndi mphamvu Western, otchedwa "komaliza lipoti". Mgwirizanowo zikuphatikizapo zomwe ali kwambiri kukula zinthu za Qing Ufumu. Boma Chinese ali alonjeza kulanga atsogoleri onse wopanduka, kuphwasula ena forts awo, kusonyeza alendo mizinda 12 amaletsa mabungwe onse amene zochitika ukuperekedwa azungu.

Zokwaniritsa anali yaukapolo, koma akuluakulu Chinese analibe mphamvu kukana mikhalidwe. Ankhonya Kupanduka Mwachidule, anapanga zotsutsana m'chigawo ngakhale n'kovuta kwambiri. Pomaliza, pambuyo zaka 11, iwo zinachititsa kuti wagwa mphamvu lachifumu ku China.