Grand Duchy la Lithuania

Grand Duchy la Lithuania anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe m'nyengo ya kusintha kwambiri zinthu padziko lonse.

Pa mapangidwe boma unachitikira anagonjetsa gawo lalikulu la Russia la Mongol-Chitata. Zimenezi ndi zabwino, ngati Grand Duchy la Lithuania Choncho kutetezedwa ku nkhondo ya kum'mawa kwa zaka za m'ma lotsatira.

Popeza theka lachiwiri la m'ma 12, Lithuanians anagawidwa awiri mafuko. Zoyambazo zikuphatikizapo chapamwamba Lithuania (aukshtayte), wachiwiri - m'munsi kapena "Zhmud" (Zemaite).

Tikumbukenso kuti Lithuanians anali pa mlingo m'munsi mwa chitukuko ndale kuposa East Asilavo anthu. Pang'onopang'ono, akalonga Chilituyaniya m'mizinda ina Russian anawavomereza pa magome. Pambuyo Mindaugas (a Chilituyaniya kalonga) awononga adani ake, pali "centralization". Pa nthawi iyi amayamba pachimake pa boma latsopano. Grand Duchy la Lithuania ndi Russian akupitiriza kusintha ndipo amalandira Duke Mindaugas, makamaka pa nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Gediminas. Ndi ulamuliro wake mu chikhalidwe kulowa m'dera la Lithuania pamwamba ndi Ufumuyo thereto gawo Black Lazaro (Poneman). Grand Duchy la Lithuania kuti agwirizane naye ndi ena Turov-Pinsk ndi Polotsk dziko.

The likulu la dziko kwa nthawi zina anali pa gawo Russian mu Novgorodok Chilituyaniya. Ndiye, anagwidwa Vilna.

Kuthana kupanga boma latsopano, yomwe inayamba woyamba Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani wa Lithuania (Gediminas ndi Mindaugas), iwo anapitiriza Algirdas ndi Kęstutis. ntchito akhala wogawanika pakati pawo. Choncho, chitetezo cha dziko ndi Ankhondo anagona pa mapewa a Keistut, Algirdas ndi zikugwira adani a m'madera Russian. Chifukwa, Grand Duchy la Lithuania kuti agwirizane naye Kiev, Polotsk, Volyn, Chernihiv-Seversky dera, komanso masiketi. Old Russian dziko motero ali ndi maudindo yoyenda yokha.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 14 m'chigawo Polish kudula mafumu olamulira yochepa. Anakwera wachifumu Polish wa mwana wamkazi Louis a Jadwiga. Pambuyo coronation ya ukwati anali kudwala pakati Jadwiga ndi Jagiello (m'malo mwa Algirdas).

Atakwatirana, Jagiello ndi Jadwiga Krevo mgwirizano yosainidwa mu 1385 (Union of Lithuania ndi Poland). Komanso, panali ubatizo wachikunja wa Lithuania mu Chikatolika. Izi zapangitsa kuti kufooka kwa chikhulupiriro Orthodox ndi kuwonongedwa kwa chipembedzo chachikunja.

Nthawi 14-15 zaka amalembedwa ndi chitsutso zoweta anapanga ana Olgerda Keistut generic ndi nthambi. Chifukwa, Grand Duchy la Lithuania unagawidwa muzochitika za chikoka. Kulamulira Lithuania Vytautas midzi (mwana Keistut).

Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, nthawi imeneyi inali heyday boma.

Atamwalira Vytautas nyengo kuchepa mbiri ya Lithuania.

Mu 1413 iye anali m'ndende mgwirizano wa horodło. Ndi ndondomeko yake siginecha akuyamba polonization ukulu Catholic ndi kufalitsa. Komanso, mphongo Gorodelskoy mgwirizano anayamba kulenga preconditions kwa kuukira gawo Russian la Poland Grand Duchy.

Zimene zinalengedwa dziko, chinathandiza inayamba nkhondo. Magwero mbiri umatchedwa "kugalukira Svidrigaylo" (mwana wa Algirdas). Lithuania linagawanika pawiri. Sigismund (Keistut mwana) adakhala pansi Lithuania. Pa Russian m'mayiko anayamba kulamulira Svidrigaylo. kusamvera kwake anali kuletsedwa.

Atamwalira Sigismund anakwera wachifumu Casimir. Mu ulamuliro wake, mayiko Chilituyaniya ophatikizana akuchira chifukwa Uniate ndondomeko. Komabe, amakhalabe kwambiri oyaka.

Casimir anapitiriza ntchito m'malo - Sigismund ndi Alexander. Pambuyo pawo, bolodi anatola Sigismund Augustus. Nkhondo kupitirirabe pakati pa boma la Russia ndi Lithuania mu 1569 anali m'ndende ku Poland, ndi Union of Lublin. Zinali zofunika kwambiri chitukuko mbiri Central ndi Eastern Europe. Pambuyo mapeto a ukwati anaonekera Rzeczpospolita - mphamvu zatsopano, zimene zinaphatikizapo Grand Duchy ali anakwanitsa kukhalabe ufulu ena.