Losema pa malamulo mwala wachikumbutso: malamulo a Mfumu Hammurabi

Archaeology nthawi watsegulira kwa anthu chinsinsi cha moyo zapitazi. Mmodzi wa atulukira chidali anapanga m'zaka za m'ma 20 mu mzinda wakale wa Susa, zitsulo chosema pa nsanamira malamulo mwala, amene kenako unkadziwika ndi malamulo a Hammurabi. Kodi malamulo pachiyambi, ndi amene anali Mlengi wake? Tikambirana tsopano.

Amene anali Hammurabi: yochepa yonena

About Hammurabi, mfumu ya Babulo wakale State, pamaso kukwera ku mpando wachifumu, pang'ono amadziwika. Mu 1793 BC, anakhala akulamulira yekha mpaka ufumu wake pang'ono. Pasanapite nthawi, anayamba kukonzekera nkhondo mokwiya ndi ozungulira mzinda-limati: Larsa, Isin, Malgiuma, Rapikuma ndi Uruk. mapulani ake akhala akuyendera mwa mapeto a 1781 koma m'nthawi yathu ino, chifukwa mu Hammurabi ogwirizana mayiko a wotsika Mesopotamia mu ufumu wamphamvu, osadziwa kugonja.

Molimba wa ufumu ndi kusokoneza kwambiri mu ufumu wake pa chuma chofunika ndalama asapita m'dera kutali analimbitsa mphamvu zake autocratic. Koma kuchita zimenezi ntchito imene kugonjetsa anatchuka mfumu.

Ndi malo wopambana kwambiri panthawi imeneyo anali kulenga mtundu wa Malamulo - Hammurabi. Losema pa malamulo mwala mwala wachikumbutso umene panthawi imeneyo anakhala Babulo anakhala osati chipilala mbiri, komanso gwero zabwino zokhudza kapangidwe ka boma ndi cikhalidwe mu nyengo imeneyo.

Maonekedwe a mwala wachikumbutso ndi malamulo

malamulo Hammurabi ali achiyankhulo Sumeri, amene pafupi akufanana zakale zilembo. Losema pa malamulo mwala wachikumbutso mwangwiro anasunga, amene amaloledwa bwinobwino kusanthula tsatanetsatane wa malamulo ndi boma zida Babulo mu ulamuliro wa tate wa malamulo, komanso kwa zaka zambiri pambuyo pa imfa yake.

Yekha mzati zopangidwa basalt mwala mwachilungamo olimba. gawo lake chapamwamba kutsogolo ndi surmounted ndi chosemacho a Hammurabi kulandira mulungu dzuwa Shamash anthu malamulo.

Onse a padziko aphimbidwa ndi zolemba, amafotokoza mmene munthu azikhala dziko kuposa pamene motsogozedwa ndi wotuluka iliyonse, m'ndende kapena kusudzulana, ndipo akutchula chilango chachikulu pamene zosayenela. lemba agawidwa magawo atatu makonzedwe: oyamba, pa 282 ulamuliro ndi mapeto. Dziwani kuti chosema pa malamulo mwala wachikumbutso kuti si zasungidwa zonse: 35 zakhala zidzachotsedwa. Komabe, iwo anakwanitsa achire mothandizidwa ndi zikalata anasunga mu laibulale ya Asuri mfumu Ashabanipalu.

Malamulo Mfumu Hammurabi: m'mbali ziti za moyo amatsatila lamulo

Hammurabi, malinga zidayika mu malamulo a mizati basalt, kuthetsa pafupifupi muzochitika zones za moyo m'dziko lake. Malamulo muli zosiyanasiyana zinthu m'munda ubale malonda, makamaka udindo wa wogulitsa zogulitsa a katundu zosalongosoka, kuphatikizapo zodzikongoletsera, nsalu, ndipo ngakhale zombo. Losema pa mwala wachikumbutso bwino kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo zotsatira lopunthwitsa aliyense chigawenga, kaya ndi kuba, kupha mwadala kapena mwangozi kapena ufiti. Komanso, kusamalira udindo ndi perjury. A chiwerengero chachikulu cha lamuloli chikuchita ndi mwambo wa ukwati ndi lamulo banja, komanso asapita katundu.

Mtengo mbiri ya Hammurabi

Pa mtengo mbiri ya Hammurabi akhoza adzaweruzidwa chifukwa chakuti ndi ndiyekhayo bwino anasunga, amene analola osati kuphunzira za Babulo wakale, komanso za lamulo lakale East ambiri. Asayansi anazindikira kuti mfumu ya Babulo, boma anali potengera malamulo awo malamulo ankakhalira anthu pa nthawi, koma osati onse ankafunika kuchita. Malamulo a Hammurabi analola kumvetsa mbali zambiri za moyo mu Mesopotamia pa 2 Zakachikwi BC.