Ndi boma ku Russia wakale chiyani?

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale amene kuphunzira zimene anthu ammudzi mu Russia wakale, zimatulutsa mitundu iwiri ya magulu chikhalidwe - m'matauni ndi m'midzi. Iwo ankakhala ambiri a anthu a boma East Asilavo.

m'midzi

M'mudzimo in Ancient Lazaro ankachita nyama ndi nsomba nsomba ndipo, ndithudi, kulima dziko. Anthu okhala m'midzi ing'onoing'ono kutali ndi midzi pamodzi kukhala kosavuta kukula kukolola wolemera, ndi kulipira misonkho kwa akalonga. Kodi mudziwo, ngati ife kugwiritsa kayankhulidwe ka nthawi? chingwe ichi. Sizikusokonezani lingaliro ili ndi malo zombo nyumbayi. Verwey anapatsidwa dzina lakuti chifukwa cha zingwe zimene delimits dziko.

Izi ndi yankho ku funso la chimene ndi dera. chingwe amene akanakhoza midzi yingapo. Mtunda pafupifupi pakati pa magulu anali ndi zaka 30 makilomita.

Onse ntchito m'dziko wakhala ponseponse m'mayiko onse akale Mudali kwambiri m'dziko, koma boma la ulimi anakhalabe pa mlingo mwachilungamo zofunika (zida zosavuta ndi zina zotero. D.) Pa nthawi yomweyo, dongosolo m'dera anali yabwino mphamvu kalonga. Okhometsa misonkho (amisonkho, Tiunov) kunali kosavuta kulankhula ndi gulu lalikulu la alimi kuposa mabanja payekha.

mbali chosiyana

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri m'madera Asilavo za thupi ili kapena kuti gawo. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kufunika ing'onoing'ono, osati mtundu (monga izo zinali mu mitundu ina pa nthawi imeneyo). Kuti timvetse zomwe anthu ali, ingoyang'anani pa mayina a mabungwe a mafuko a kum'mawa Asilavo. Glade muli dzina lawo chifukwa chakuti anali kukhala mu minda, drevlyans anakakhala nkhalango yowirira, m'nkhalango ya mitengo, ndi zina zotero. D.

azambiriyakale onse amene afufuza zomwe anthu ammudzi mu Ages Middle, anatsindika kufunika kwa mfundo dera lawo, ofanana ndi mfundo womulera pa mapangano a mafuko.

Kuyanjana pakathi pa mamembala a Verviers

mtundu wa kufunika sekondale saloledwa patsogolo patsogolo mabanja osiyanasiyana banja. Ngakhale patsogolo mwapang'onopang'ono madera ndi kukula zokolola mwa iwo sikumachititsa kuti lochitira wamkulu. Ubwino amafalitsidwa ziri mofanana pakati pa mamembala onse Verviers.

moyo umenewu zinasungidwa mwa Asilavo kwa zaka zambiri. Ndi chifukwa cha anthu Russian nthawi zonse kukayikira ndipo sanasangalale ndi grabbers okonda chuma n'kofunika kwambiri. Umodzi ndi kusamwa kunyumba - kuti ndi anthu ammudzi.

Magawanidwe mwa madera

Ubale pamwambapa anafotokoza m'mudzi anali odalirika kwambiri. Iwo akhatairiswa tayu kutonga kukhala "bizinesi" m'midzi, aliyense udachita yekha. M'malo mwake, nyengo nkhanza ambiri a anthu a Lazaro amakakamizidwa Verweij moyo mbali-ndi-mbali ndi kusamalira wina ndi mnzake mu mwambo kulephera kwa mbewu.

Moyo wa wamba anali yozungulira kwathunthu mmene nakulitsa ulimi. Ngati msanga ozizira nkhondo kapena lisachitike zotsatira za ntchito yake, chingwe anathandiza wa antchito oterowo anakhudzidwa. Yerekezerani: mu Europe asapita ulimi anali osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mu akale England kumeneko kwakhala kalasi osauka losauka - osauka kwambiri.

Kulimbana ndi boyars ndi

Mpaka m'zaka XIV, wamba sanapereke cohesion ambuye onse m'mayiko ulimi wa dziko. Mbali yofunika imeneyi ya gulu chikhalidwe patsogolo pathu kamodzinso yosonyeza zimene ammudzi mu mbiri ya Zapakati, ndipo kodi tanthauzo lake. Ngakhale mu Russia anapitiriza kuti akale, European bizinesi kwasakazitsa minda ambiri osiyanasiyana.

alimi Western sanathe kumanga mudzi wolimba oteteza zofuna zawo, chifukwa cha predominance ubale mafuko m'mudzi. Zonsezi zinachititsa chakuti olemera ang'onoang'ono ambuye pang'onopang'ono kulumikiza osauka onse. Mu Lazaro wakale 'izo sizinachitike chifukwa cha cohesion Verwey. Ngakhale mu nthawi yamavuto boma sanasankhe ufulu wa alimi. Mu nkhani kwambiri golosale kuchuluka amachotsera msonkho zomwe zinali pakati (mwachitsanzo, mu Kiev kapena Vladimir). Koma mu Europe pa nthawi ino kale ntchito konsekonse mokakamizidwa pa ambuye Manor anagawanika. Choncho olemera powononga ntchito ufulu wa Amaya, cholimba ndi kukula kusiyana pakati pa olemera ndi osauka.

Support akalonga

Mwa zina, alimi wamba mu Russia, komanso kumbuyo mphamvu kalonga. Olamulira a maukulu anagawira dzikolo m'manja wake usilikali, pamene Europe anagula timapepala lalikulu barons olemera ndi earls. The ufumu anali wofooka, ndipo mmenemo sakanakhoza kukana ndondomeko zachilengedwezi. Mu Russia, olamulira, safuna ulemu chake, chopatsidwa atumiki (ndi boyars) dziko zochepa.

Rurik komanso sanalole anyamata ake kuti akagwire m'madera osauka, pokhalabe bwino m'mudzi, amene ankadalira chakudya boma lonse. Mchikhalidwe ubale pakati m'mudzimo ndi olemekezeka enshrined mu "Russian Choonadi" - akonzedwa Chisilavo Malamulo zapita pansi Yaroslav Ngwanzeru zakuya. Chikalatachi analankhula za lamulo wapamwamba wa ang'onoang'ono kalonga adzaweruzidwa chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa achitiridwe ammudzi.

Lyudin ndi smerdy

Kuli yomweyi wamba ufulu ndi unfree - ichi ndi chinthu china chimene chimathandiza kuona zimene ammudzi mu Russia wakale. Kusiyana kumeneku m'mudzimo ngakhale munakhala mu chinenero. Free wamba otchedwa Lyudin ndi anzake - amadalira. Yotsirizira anali chuma cha kalonga - iwo ntchito pa dziko ndi ntchito yake utumiki nazo mtima wake.

"Russian Choonadi" mwalamulo akutsimikiza udindo wosiyana wa mugulumo (kupha iwo chilango 40 hryvnia) ndi serfs (chilango cha imfa ya moyo anali 5 yuro). milandu komanso ndi chilango ndi khoti kalonga. Choncho, tiyeni tsopano, kutenga nkhani chinthu ichi, kuyesera kupanga zomwe anthu ammudzi mu Russia wakale. Tanthauzo kwenikweni kutanthauza ufulu wamba, serfs anakhala bwino, omwe ali kunja kwa anthu ammudzi.

ammudzi City

Medieval Russian mzinda - malo wina chikhalidwe, popanda phunziro limene n'zovuta kufotokoza zomwe anthu ali. Malinga ndi mbiri ya nkhani imeneyi muli mu sitandade 6. ana ayenera kudziwa kuti panali midzi chachikulu m'mayiko a kum'mawa Asilavo m'zaka IX. Iwo ankasiyana midzi wamba malinga zoteteza zofunika chitetezo makamu mdani ndi woyendayendawu. Mphamvu ya mizinda anafalikira madera ozungulira. Iwo ankatchedwa "dziko" kapena "Township".

Kumayambiriro kwa Asilavo statehood m'tawuni m'dera kwenikweni kumalamuliridwa ndi Komiti ya - Assembly anthu. Yoyenera kuvota ali ndi mlendo chochitika chotero. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Lazaro Ancient ndipo tsopano ankaona dziko demokalase pamene kusankha anthu nthawi zambiri anaimirira pamalo okwera chifuniro cha kalonga. Makamaka lodziwika anali mfundo yaikulu Veliky Novgorod, kumene Komiti anali chimake cha zandale mpaka 1478, pamene dziko lonse linalanda kwa Muscovy.

Koma misonkhano otchuka linali ndi zovuta zake. Heterogeneity zinthu ndi kusowa chitetezo bwino voti yowerengera zinachititsa kuti zikamera mikangano lakuthwa, ngakhale zachiwawa m'tawuni. Nthawi zambiri zinthu zimenezi zimachititsa kuti chisokonezo. Choncho, pamaso pa kalonga, amene akanatha kuchita monga arbitrator pakati pa zipani lotsutsa, monga izo zinali zofunika kwa anthu a mtendere. njira ina pa nkhani iliyonse, chigamulo anatengedwa chifukwa kufika kukondera pakati pa mamembala anatsutsana wa dera m'tawuni.

Kufunika kwa Komiti

Chokhacho mphamvu ya kalonga anali kwambiri makamaka kwa mzinda, pamene zinafika nkhondo. Pankhani yosamalira Ratiu, sipakanakhala maganizo kwambiri - izo adzaononga asilikali. Choncho, pankhani imeneyi, aliyense kalonga anali ndi ulamuliro pano linali lofunika kwambiri kusunga kupatulika kwa mphamvu.

Pamene limodzi Old boma Russian unagawidwa maukulu angapo, akalonga yaing'ono anayamba kuona movutikira ubale ndi asilikali komanso dera m'tawuni. Chitsanzo cha Novgorod chomwecho, komwe mu 1136 anachotsedwa Vsevolod. Veche adamnenera Iye wamantha ndi kuthawa nkhondo pa nkhondo Yuriya Dolgorukogo. nkhondo inatsogolera chakuti mphamvu kalonga mumzinda zinali pansi pa ulamuliro wa apamwamba ndi Assembly anthu.

A ofanana zomangamanga ndale anali nalo la Pskov. Pali akalonga sanalandira mutu kwa atate mwana, ndi anthu osankhidwa. Choncho Pskov mu XIII m'ma mphamvu anatsimikizira Dovmont - Chilituyaniya wobadwa nzika akwaniritsa kuzindikira kwa mtima wake ndiponso moona mtima.