The nthunzi sitima yoyamba padziko lonse: mbiri ndi chidwi mfundo

Chiyambi cha mafakitale ku Ulaya chifukwa cha kutulukira injini nthunzi poyamba ntchito makampani migodi ndi kuluka. Mwaluso Kutulukira spodviglo akatswiri ambiri kuchigwirizanitsa zolinga kayendedwe. Mutu wa nkhani - woyamba sitima nthunzi dziko ndi chidwi zokhudza maonekedwe ake.

prerequisites

Mpope madzi amadziwika kuti anthu kuyambira kale. mazana angapo anali pochitika, kuti waphunzira ntchito mphamvu nthunzi, pa angagwiritsire ntchito zimene Akhristu anayamba Velikiy Leonardo da Vinci. Single nthunzi injini, analenga kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVII - nthunzi kukatentha France Deni Papena (1680), mpope England Thomas Savery (chaka cha 1898) - anali mukusoŵa weniweni.

Kukonza malo oteteza pisitoni injini, imene madzi ndi jekeseni, izo chikugwirizana ndi dzina la England Thomas Newcomen (1711). Kupititsa patsogolo kwa kufufuza mwaukatswiri anawabweretsa zimango za Glasgow, James Watt lonse kutchuka. Iye analandira setifiketi kwa chilengedwe cha injini nthunzi (1769), oyenera kugwiritsa lonse makampani.

Dziko sitima yoyamba udzakhazikitsidwa pambuyo mfundo ya kuyambitsa: kulekana kwa yamphamvu chachikulu ndi condenser, amene walola ayi amaika mphamvu Kutentha zonse galimoto ndi. Kupanga injini nthunzi anaikidwa pa mtsinje mu 1776 chifukwa cha zikamera wa kutembenuka, mphero ndi planing makina.

injini 66 zinamangidwa ndi 1785. Komabe, opatsa makina zoyenda kwa kutsinde ntchito ankafunika injini nthunzi awiri akuchita. Watt okhala mu 1784, ndipo ndi 1800 anali atayamba kale ntchito m'mafakitale onse, galimoto galimoto ina.

Richard Trevithick

Amene anatulukira injini nthunzi yoyamba padziko lonse? Munthu woyamba anayesa kugwiritsa ntchito injini nthunzi zolinga mayendedwe France Nikola Kyuno, amene analenga kudziletsa injini ophimba (1769). Pa nthawi imeneyo, Richard Trevithick anali ngakhale sadabadwe.

A mbadwa ya Cornwall (England), dera lotchuka migodi, anayambitsa tsogolo anabadwa mu banja lalikulu mu 1771-m. Bambo ake anali ndi mgodi kulemekezedwa, ndipo anagwa mchikondi ndi masamu ake ubwana Richard anayesa kuti atsogolere ntchito pansi, kuwongolera injini nthunzi ndipo mapampu mgodi. Mu 1801-mamita zofunika kwa ogwira analenga ngolo - ndi zinachitika wa basi choyamba chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa ambiri monga mode osiyana zoyendera. Zinali trackless nthunzi sitima (chaka chiphaso cha setifiketi - 1802 TH), wotchedwa Puffing Mdyerekezi.

Ngati Watt Motors anali bulky chifukwa cha ntchito nthunzi otsika kuthamanga, Sukuwopedwanso R. Trevithick zazikulu ndi kangapo (mpaka 8 atmospheres). Mphamvu sizinasinthe, koma kukula kwa injini kwambiri yafupika, zomwe zinali zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko zoyendera. Watt anachita izo zoipa, kupatulapo paipi osadziteteza.

mayeso

adaponyedwa njanji chitsulo zinalengedwa South Wales, anayambitsa pa nthawi ankakhala Cambourne. Trevithick empirically anatsimikizira kuti pamene anakumana ndi yosalala gudumu yosalala skidding zidzachitika frictional mphamvu zokwanira kusuntha injini, ngakhale Mangirirani mahatchi kugaleta ngolo itanyamula malasha. Zinali zofunika kwambiri view zolinga yeniyeni ya mabizinezi a.

Ntchito mafakitale woyamba nthunzi sitima ku dziko anamanga mu chaka yapitayi mayesero ake (1803). Za iwo manyuzipepala English analemba February wa 1804, inalengeza ntchito makina anatulukira zoyendera matani 10 a chitsulo. Self-injini ophimba pa njanji yokutidwa mtunda mu 9 mtunda, ndi malangizo a kuyenda chawonjezeka popereka katundu mpaka tonnes 15 - 70 Anthu anatenga mwayi kukwera pamwamba kukwera pansi kubangula kuvomereza kwa anthu. Mlingo anakwana 5 mailosi pa ora, pamene safunika kuwonjezera madzi kukatentha kwambiri. Koma n'zosatheka wolemera sitima sakanakhoza kufalitsa kotero Trevithick ukulimbiralimbirabe kapangidwe.

Mgwireni Ine ndani Kodi

Pakuti chitsanzo latsopano, amatchedwa "Igwire Ine ndani Kodi", kunja kwa mzinda wa London Trevithick amanga njanji mphete msewu. Iye akukhulupirira kuti opanga chidwi makina atsopanowo. Obnesya Kutsimikizira Ground mkulu mpanda, iye akuyamba kugulitsa pofuna kukwera matikiti, poganiza kulipira ndalama zofunika ndi kupanga phindu. The injini latsopano amalola liwiro 30 km / h.

Koma ankapitabe zinalephereka. Yoyamba sitima zonyamula anthu, analenga zosangalatsa, osati chidwi cha industrialists. Chifukwa akuphulikira wa njanji chitsulo, iye anatembenuka apo, ndi zinawonongeka kwambiri. Trevithick analibe ngakhale kukubwezerani, kuchita ntchito zaluso zina. Mu 1816 anapita ku Peru kuchita kukhazikitsa injini ake m'migodi m'deralo.

Tsoka Trevithick: Chidwi Mfundo

Mpaka 1827 anakhalabe zatsopano kwambiri mu America South. Tikaonanso dziko, anapeza kuti zinthu zake bwinobwino ntchito ndi yopangidwa ndi akatswiri ena. Iye anafa mu 1833, pokhala pafupifupi wopemphapempha. The vuto lalikulu, sikuloledwa kukhazikitsa maganizo ake kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma, anali kusowa misewu. Anakhala chuma chake pa kudula maulendo wapadera kwa ngolo nthunzi, owateteza ku mitengo ndi miyala.

Woyamba nthunzi sitima ku dziko kwachititsa kuti mankhwala a James Watt ku England yamalamulo malamulo yoletsedwa injini ndi nthunzi kuthamanga. chilamulo osati kutengera koma lili chitukuko Trevithick.

Watt mlandu wophunzira ake kuba lingaliro la chilengedwe cha injini nthunzi mu kampani "Botton ndi Watt". Unachititsa manyazi yaikulu, kukakamiza Trevithick kuteteza dzina lake.

Mzaka 20 choikidwacho zoyendera ndi nthunzi. Kumakhudzana ndi dzina la George Stephenson.

Kutsegula kufunika sitima pagulu

Pa moyo wa Trevithick, mu 1825, pa njanji kuti adalumikiza nkhani ya Stockton ndi Darlington anatsegula. Self-anaphunzitsa injiniya Dzhordzh Stefenson anatulukira kapangidwe yabwino kuti akulola sitima pa njanji yosalala kukokera dongosolo lolemera. Mu chidali chifuniro chake udindo ankaimba okha njanji, njanji amene adakali ndi maganizo a Ulaya (1,435 mm). Sitima pa kutsegula kwa sitima adathamanga yekha Stephenson, ndi lotsatira anatsatira cavalcade wa okwera peel nthawi ya mbadwa. Anadabwa khamu adadziwa Palibe malire. Liwiro anali 24 km / h.

Zosowa onse yoyamba nthunzi sitima Stephenson analengedwa mu 1814. Iye anaphimba mtunda wa 30 Km, ndi mwa mwezi wa atumwi, onse Europe chidafundidwa ndi zopezera njanji. Sitima anayamba kunyamula osati katundu, komanso anthu.

Soviet Baibulo

Mu Soviet Union kwa nthawi yaitali ananena kuti anatulukira sitima Stephenson Russia Cherepanov. Atate ndi mwana ankati anachita izo, mosasamala kanthu za kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Ndipotu, Miron Cherepanov anapita England, pamene iye anawona kulengedwa njanji lapansi. Tikaonanso Vyisky zomera, anayesetsa kutengera zimene anaona, koma pa chitukuko cha maganizo ake anatenga zaka ziwiri. choyamba nthunzi sitima dziko pa njanji anayesedwa mu 1804 (ambiri amaona tsiku ichi tsiku la kubadwa kwa injini), ndi "dziko bwato" inatuluka mu Russia mu 1833.

Icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito zoyendera miyala mpaka anawononga nkhalango lonse m'deralo. Sitima m'malo yokokedwa, kuganizira kuyambitsa pambuyo zaka ziwiri.

ndi chidwi

Mu Cambourne fano la Richard Trevithick atagwira trackless wosapitirira ophimba, wodziwika ndi dzina la "Kukoka mdierekezi." Lachitsanzo Tingaone m'mamyuziyamu ambiri odzipereka kuti mbiri ya sitima nthunzi. Ndipo pamene woyamba nthunzi sitima ya dzikoli?

Kamodzi ndinasiya ndi alendo zatsopano, kuiwala kuchepetsa kutentha, amene kuthandiza kukatentha kutentha. Pamene madzi ali yophika kutali, ngolo pa moto. Zokwanira kwa mphindi pang'ono, kotero izo zinali kenanso. Komabe, zilibe kusokoneza mokondwera Trevithick, kupitiriza ntchito zatsopano.

malo ake m'manda n'zomvetsa chisoni, koma dzina luso injiniya olembedwa mu makalata golide m'mbiri ya dziko.