Chitsitsimutso: Kubadwa Kwatsopano n'chiyani, ndipo kodi zotsatira zake?

Mbiri ya Ulaya amadziwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana yofunika kwambiri ndi zochitika, omwe kwathunthu amasintha chithunzi cha dziko la anthu ake. Mmodzi wa zikuluzikulu awa anali Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Kubadwa Kwatsopano (mawu awa ali ofanana) ndi chiyani?

Mbali yaikulu ya Kubadwa Kwatsopano

Chitsitsimutso otchedwa chi m'malo mwa Ages Middle. Kuchokera XIV m'ma m'madera ena (makamaka Italy) wakhala kukula chikhalidwe. Iye anasanduka chidwi ndi anthu m'mbiri awo ndi amakedzana. Zimenezi, ankapita ya sayansi, ndi kufalitsa a anthu ndi chidwi kwa munthu.

Chifukwa chimodzi chiyambi cha njira awa anali kugwa kwa Constantinople. Ufumu wa Byzantine, amene anali kale kwa zaka chikwi, anagwa pansi ndi matenda a Muslim a ku Turkey. Agriki ambiri sanafune kuti akampereke chikhulupiriro cha Chikristu ndipo anathawira Ulaya. Asayansi natenga pamodzi nawo mabuku akale amene posakhalitsa ikumasuliridwa Latin ndi zinenero dziko. Zonsezi anakankhira Kubadwa Kwatsopano. ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano Kodi mu Italy? Ndi zikamera wa makalasi atsopano chitukuko, zomwe zinali palokha wa asapita akale ang'onoang'ono mkati Mafumu.

A ambiri mayiko Italy wafunsira osunga ndalama ndi asayansi ndi anthu ena a mtundu watsopano. Mwa iwo anabadwa umunthu - chidwi mu uthunthu ndi umunthu. Poyamba anali sukulu yaing'ono akatswiri.

Komabe, iwo kukhala malo atsopano a kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi luso. Mu Italy, anayamba kukula yosindikiza ndi mitundu yatsopano luso. An chodabwitsa chofunika chinali chakuti pa maphunziro anayamba kupereka ndalama kwa tycoons m'dera ndi mabanja otchuka ukonde ofunika mkulu.

Malo Kubadwa Kwatsopano Florence ndi Rome anayamba. Papa Julius II anachita zambiri pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti "mzinda wosatha" ntchito ndiAmene chachikulu cha chi. Popanda ogwira wake N'zovuta kulingalira za Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Kodi zikutanthauzanji chodziwa chidwi cha mpingo ku amisiri ndi Osema? Izi zinasonyeza kuti iwo akhoza kulenga, mothandizidwa ndi anthu otchuka mu Italy. Ena mwa iwo anali ambuye monga Michelangelo ndi Raphael. Kubadwa Kwatsopano amisiri analenga zojambula kwambiri ndi frescoes zochitika za m'Baibulo. ntchito zawo tsopano zokongoletsera matchalitchi ambiri ndi zinthu zochititsa chidwi mu Europe.

Leonardo da Vinci

World Kubadwa Kwatsopano chikhalidwe kudzakhala kwathunthu popanda Leonardo da Vinci. Ake zidzasintha zojambula limaonetseratu anagonjetsa m'nthawi ndi kupitiriza kudabwa anthu za m'ma XXI. Komanso, chikudziwika ngati zatsopano lapansi. maganizo ake pa zaka zambiri patsogolo pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano. Munthu ndani? Momwe ntchito ndi kumene malo ake? Onse a mafunso amenewa kufunsa Italy kwambiri.

Kubadwa Kwatsopano ojambula zithunzi anali konse kuposa wake "Mona Lisa." chithunzi umenewu wakhala chizindikiro chilengedwe lingaliro la kukongola ndi mosalakwitsa.

Chitsitsimutso mu m'mayiko ena ku Ulaya

Mochedwa Kubadwa Kwatsopano historiography wotchedwa theka lachiwiri la m'zaka XVI. Pa nthawi imeneyo, luso ndi chikhalidwe asamukira mlingo watsopano, osati Italy komanso m'mayiko ena ambiri European. malo Kubadwa Kwatsopano anali Germany, Netherlands ndi England.

The British akunyadira countryman awo otchuka Kubadwa Kwatsopano - William Shakespeare. Popanda iye, chitsitsimutso mabuku chingakhale chosakwanira. comedies wake ndi mavuto akhala zosasinthika zapamwamba za bwalo lamasewera.

kukonzanso

Mkhristu wazamulungu Martin Luther ndi imodzi mwa manambalawo lofunika kwambiri la Kubadwa Kwatsopano. German Izi wokhu- ndi Mpingo wa Katolika. nkhani wake otsutsiratu ansembe achinyengo ndi zoipa achipembedzo, anasonkhana zikwi omvera.

Luther makamaka mwaukali anadzudzula malamulo atsopano, chimene Akristu anali kugula kwa machimo ndalama (chikhululukiro cha machimo). Maganizo a mlaliki wotchuka zinachititsa 95. October 31, 1517, Martin Anapachikidwa pa chitseko cha mpingo Tawuni ya Wittenberg. nkhani imeneyi wotchuka anadzakhala chizindikiro cha chiyambi cha Katolika.

Chotero anaitana ndondomeko ya reformatting Mpingo wa Katolika. Akhristu German anayamba kutsutsa Rome chifukwa inertia wake ndi conservatism. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti ambiri mikangano achipembedzo. The apotheosis wa mkangano wa Akatolika ndi Aprotestanti anali Zaka Makumi Atatu nkhondo 1618-1648 gg.

polimbana kudalira mpingo anatsogolera chakuti anthu European wakhala boma. Ena nthawi Achiprotestanti anali mu malo ovuta kwambiri. Ambiri a iwo m'zaka XVII anapita ku North America, kumene iwo anatha kulenga anthu chatsopano.