Kiev ukulu

Kiev ukulu - wina anapanga kuchokera kugwa Kievan Lazaro korona mayiko. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Prince Yaroslava Mudrogo pakati pa ukulu XI m'ma kupatukana kuyamba ndi zaka 30 wa XII m'ma inasanduka mwamtheradi oyima pawokha.

m'gawo lake chimakwirira Drevlyane makolo m'mayiko ndi meadows wa Dnieper Mtsinje ndi makhwawa wake (grouse, Pripyat, Irpen ndi ros). Kumaphatikizaponso mbali ya kumanzere banki ya Dnieper kutsogolo kwa Kiev. Dziko lonseli ano Kyiv ndi Zhytomyr m'madera a Ukraine ndi kum'mwera kwa dera Gomel a Belarus. Kummawa, ndi ukulu wa m'mphepete Pereyaslavl ndi Chernigov ukulu kumadzulo - ndi Vladimir-Volyn, kum'mwera izo abuts steppe Polovtsian.

Chifukwa wofatsa nyengo ndi nthaka yachonde pano ulimi kutukuka kwambiri. Komanso nzika za m'dziko lino zimayesetsa ng'ombe kuswana nyama, nsomba ndi ulimi wa njuchi. Kumayambiriro zokwanira pano zinachitika zamanja zapaderazi. Zofunika makamaka anapeza "drevodelie" zikopa ndi mbiya. Madipoziti amaloledwa kukhala chitsulo kulipira luso.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chinali chakuti mu Kiev ukulu msewu "ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki" (kwa Ufumu wa Byzantine ku Nyanja Baltic). Choncho, Kiev oyambirira wosanjikiza otchuka anapanga amalonda ndi amisiri.

Kuyambira IX kuti X atumwi, mayiko amenewa anali chigawo chapakati cha Old boma Russian. Mu ulamuliro wa Vladimir, iwo anakhala phata la ankalamulira kalonga, ndi Kiev - pakati mpingo wa onse Russia. Ngakhale Kalonga wa Kiev, salinso anali mwini wapamwamba wa dziko lonse, koma De facto mutu wa utsogoleri wolowezana ang'onoang'ono, iye ankaona "mkulu" poyerekezera ndi akalonga ena. Iwo unali likulu la maufumu wakale, amene anaikira padziko ena cholowa.

Komabe, vuto limeneli sanali kokha mbali positive. Posachedwapa Kiev m'dziko anakhala chinthu kwambiri kulimbana pakati pa nthambi zosiyanasiyana za Rurik mafumu. Nkhondoyi nawonso wamphamvu boyars Kievan ndi malonda ndi ntchito zamanja pamwamba anthu.

Mpaka 1139 mu Kiev wachifumu anakhala Monomakhich: pambuyo Mstislava Velikogo anayamba kulamulira, m'bale wake Jaropolk (1132-1139), kenako Vyacheslav (1139). Pambuyo pake, wachifumu ankadutsa mphamvu yake analanda Chernigov Prince Vsevoloda Olgovicha. Olegoviches ulamuliro sunakhalitse kwambiri. Mu 1146, mphamvu ankadutsa Izyaslav Mstislavich (nthumwi Monomakhich). Mu 1154 izo anagwidwa ndi nthambi Suzdal Monomakhich (Yuri Dolgoruky anali pampando wachifumu Kiev mpaka imfa yake mu 1157). Kachiwiri mphamvu ndiye ankadutsa Olgovich, ndipo mu 1159 anabwerera ku Mstislavovitch.

Kale pakati pa kufunika XII m'ma ndale, omwe mpaka panthawiyo anali ndi ukulu wa Kiev, anayamba kuchepa. Pa nthawi yomweyo anatenga kugwa mu fiefdoms. Ndi 1170 TH chaka kale allocated Kotelnicheskoye, Belgorod, Trepolskoe, Vyshgorod, Torchesk, Kanev ndi Dorogobuzhskaya ukulu. Kiev salinso ndi mbali ya pakati pa mayiko Russian. Pa nthawi yomweyo Vladimir ndi wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn kuyesetsa kuti agonjetse Kiev. Nthawi iwo amachita izo, ndi pa mpando wachifumu Kiev ndi zidole zawo.

Mu 1240 ndi ukulu wa Kiev ndi pansi pa mphamvu ya Batu. Kumayambiriro December, atapita masiku asanu ndi anayi kukana wosimidwa, anagwira ndi wolapa Kiev. Ukulu chawonongedwa, kuti achire pambuyo pake ndipo analephera. Kuyambira 1240s wa Kiev ndi mu ntchito ofunda ya Vladimir Akalonga (Aleksandra Nevskogo, ndiye Jaroslav laroslavich). Mu 1299 ku Kiev iye anasamutsidwa kuti Vladimir matauni dipatimenti.

Zoyambirira za m'ma 14, ndi ukulu chinafoka kwa malire. Choncho, wakhala chinthu ndi olusa Chilituyaniya. Mu 1362 pamene Prince Algirdas mayiko amenewa anakhala m'gulu la Grand Duchy la Lithuania.