Mfundo Ancient Egypt: ndi kupanga luso amtunduwu chiyani?

Ancient zinthu opanga zipangizo zamakono m'malo ansembe Aigupto ndi akuluakulu a pepala, kwa zaka anakhalabe anaiwalika. Chifukwa kuti si boma okhawo pa ulimi wa Papyrus ndi achangu zidule obereganie wa malonda, komanso kusintha kwa nyengo mu Nile Delta ndi mavuto a zachilengedwe. Chifukwa, gumbwa lomaliza Egypt ndi pafupifupi zinatha. Only mu theka lachiwiri la 20th Century wokonda Hassan Ragab ankapita ku chitsitsimutso cha phunziro la zomera ndi mwayi wa ntchito kwake. Zinali kudzera researches wake wina dzina ano kupanga ndondomeko ya amtunduwu.

Mtengo kwa wakale Aiguputo amtunduwu

Otentha madzi wachikondi chomera, a sedge ndi ofanana Cyperus, zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazo anapanga zikusonyeza ziyangoyango pa gombe m'madambo a Nile ku malire ake m'munsi. Papyrus ndi wamtali yosalala kuthawa, aposa ndi "ambulera" wa masamba yopapatiza lanceolate. Inflorescence akufanana kuonera amtunduwu, wopangidwa mwa zingapo spikelets. amtunduwu Triangular phesi zovuta, kugawa cholimba.

Ndi ntchito ngati mfundo mipando, maboti, Hiramu anatumiza. A m'chimake Kuzipeka chingwe, nsapato mtanga. Zouma mizu ya zomera ntchito ngati mafuta. gawo zofewa a mphukira, amene anali pansi pa madzi, anadya. Mbali womwewo oyenereradi kwa kupanga "pepala".

Magawo a kupanga amtunduwu: ndi akuwaza, "msonkhano", atayanika opanikizika, kupukuta, gluing

The mmunsi mwa amachokera kwa m'chimake ndi mwayeretsa kumasuka wandiweyani, fibrous ndi yomata thupi. luso lake lamamatira mu woonda yopyapyala kutalika 40-50 cm. Modern kumafuna n'kupanga akuwukha masiku angapo.

Latha mbale (filyury) anaika pa lathyathyathya akukhatira pamwamba, anayakira nsalu ndi khungu: The wosanjikiza choyamba - kufanana kwa m'mphepete mwa gome, chachiwiri - perpendicularly. Poyamba m'lifupi pepala yomalizidwa anali osapitirira 15 masentimita koma Aiguputo Patapita nthawi ndinamva kuti ukonde mwachilungamo lonse. Mu ndondomeko ya stacking zinthu wasambitsa ndi madzi Nile.

mapepala anali ndiye aikidwa pansi atolankhani. Kunali kofunika kuonetsetsa kuti n'kupanga ndi glued pamodzi ndi amtunduwu anakhala zoonda ndi yunifolomu.

Mokoma ndi mfundo pang'ono odziwika

Kodi amtunduwu luso kupanga, n'zosavuta kufotokoza. Kuvuta onse ndi zikuperekedwa. Choncho, amtunduwu yaitali anali opanikizika kapena chisanadze ankawaviika, kotero iye afika mdima. Zinali zofunika kuti akuchedwa ndondomeko: Aiguputo amakonda zinthu mbandakucha. Pepala pamwamba woyesedwa ndi pawiri wapadera zoletsa kuti kufalitsa inki. Chopangidwa kuchokera ku vinyo wosasa, ufa ndi madzi otentha. Kuchotsa mapepala kwa womkanikizawo, mbuye amaipidwa ndi nyundo wapadera ndi kukonza kupukuta miyala, nkhuni kapena fupa. amtunduwu Konzekerani zouma padzuwa. Kenako ogwirizana, atenge mpukutuwo. Aiguputo anamvera malangizo a ulusi, kotero kupeza "olowa" zinali zosatheka. Iwo analemba zambiri pa mbali imodzi (zomwe Aroma anadzatchedwa recto). Yopanga amtunduwu ku Egypt anaikidwa pa mtsinje. Iwo anagulitsa izo ipitirirabe, "kudula" ndi "kulemera."

Amtunduwu ku amakedzana

"Pa pa AA" kapena "nkhani ya Mafumu" - otchedwa awo 'mapepala' Aiguputo okha. Iwo anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito amtunduwu mpaka kumbuyo 3 Zakachikwi BC. e. Agiriki anabwereka akuti angapo kusintha katchulidwe ake. Tikumbukenso kuti Egypt anapereka amtunduwu lonse wakale dziko, ndipo mpaka pafupi chaka 800 BC. e. Pa zinalembedwa malamulo, malemba luso ndi chipembedzo chake, zithunzi zokongola. Mu 1 m'ma BC. e. mbiri Pliniy Starshy mu "History Natural" anakhudza funso zimene luso lopanga amtunduwu. Komabe, zimene limafotokoza kuti zinali zochepa kwambiri kubwezeretsa malonda.

Malinga ndi Strabo ndi Pliny, panali angapo mitundu ya amtunduwu. August, livievy ndi hieratic ankatengedwa pa Roma zabwino. Komanso angatsate tiers (Alexandria) ndi saitsky teneotsky. Onse anali anaikira kulemba. Aiguputo komanso ankagulitsa "pepala wamalonda" - wotchipa "wrapper" amtunduwu.

Chitsitsimutso zinsinsi luso

"Kodi luso amtunduwu opanga?" - funso ili wakhala nkhawa Hassan Ragab, Mwiguputoyo kazembe ku China, kumene anakumana ndi banja Chinese, chinkhoswe kupanga pepala mu njira ya makolo. Izo zinali mu 1956. Kunyumba, Ragab anagula malo munda, anabweretsa kuchokera Sudan amtunduwu m'dera komanso kuchita kafukufuku wa sayansi. Ragab ndi ophunzira ake anatha kukhala amtunduwu, osati otsika ku zitsanzo khalidwe wakale. Pa ndi luso ojambula zithunzi Aigupto anachita kupenta: makope anapezeka ali m'manda mafanizo ndi ntchito pachiyambi.

N'zovuta kunena ngati masiku Ragab Papyrus monga cholimba monga ku Iguputo. Komanso, kusintha kwa nyengo wakhala kwambiri chinyezi ndi chinyezi amtunduwu zofunkha. Ndi osadziwika molondola chinaonekeranso Ragab ndondomeko kupanga amtunduwu. Mwina iye anamubweretsera chinachake lake. Koma, mwanjira ina, mipukutu zamakono mapanelo kukongoletsa bwinobwino anagulitsa, ndipo mudziwe zimene amtunduwu kupanga luso mosavuta iliyonse alendo Nditchimo.