Ukraine: mbiri ya zosayembekezereka. Malo a Ukraine: m'mbiri

m'gawo Ukraine a anthu anthu kale zaka zosachepera 44.000. Pontic-Caspian steppe anali zochitika za zochitika wofunika m'mbiri ya Mkuwa Age. Apa pali kusamuka kwa anthu a m'mayiko a ku Ulaya. Mofanana Black Sea ndi Caspian steppes anthu yagonjetsa kavalo.

Kenako, mu Crimea ndi Dnieper moyo Asikuti ndi Sarmatians. Pomaliza, mayiko amenewa anali anthu Asilavo. Anayambitsa boma akale a Kievan Yairo, amene ndisungunuka m'zaka XII. Pofika cha m'ma XIV, panopa Chiyukireniya m'mayiko ankayang'aniridwa ndi asilikali atatu: Golden gulu, Grand Duchy la Lithuania ndi Polish Ufumu. Kenako gawo lidagawikana mphamvu monga Krymskoe Hanstvo, Rzeczpospolita, ndi Russian Ufumu Austria-Hungary.

Mu XX atumwi panali wodziimira Ukraine. Mbiri ya zikamera wa dziko umayambira zoyesayesa polenga UPR ndi ZUNR States. Ndiyeno anapanga Chiyukireniya SSR la Soviet Union. Pomaliza, ufulu wa Ukraine, anatsimikizira ndi referendum ndipo anazindikira mwa anthu m'mayiko analengeza mu 1991.

Mbiri wakale wa Ukraine

zofukulidwa m'mabwinja akusonyeza kuti akalewa ankakhala kumpoto Black Sea gombe mwamsanga 43-45 Zakachikwi BC. Mu Crimea, zinthu wachokera kromanoltsam anatulukira. Iwo analembedwa zaka 32 zikwi BC.

Kumapeto kwa Neolithic m'mayiko Chiyukireniya kumeneko Trypillian chikhalidwe. pachimake inafalitsidwa mu zaka 4500-3000 BC.

Mkubwela kwa pa Iron Age mwa steppes ya kumpoto Black Sea zapita Dacian mafuko - makolo a Romanians ano. Ndiye mafuko woyendayendawu (Cimmerians, Asukuti ndi Sarmatians) kumene kuli dziko la Ukraine. Mbiri ya mafuko awa amadziwika osati kwa akatswiri a zinthu zakale, komanso magwero olembedwa. Za Asikuti otchulidwa ndi Herodotus analemba. Agiriki anayambitsa madera awo mu Crimea mu BC VI atumwi.

Choncho, m'dera la Ukraine anadza Goths ndi a Huns. Izi zinachitika mu III-V zaka AD. M'zaka za zana lachisanu panali mafuko Asilavo.

Mu VII m'ma m'chigawo Chiyukireniya pali boma la Bulgars. Koma posakhalitsa unatha ndipo chosakanikirana ndi Khazars. Anthu woyendayendawu ku Central Asia, anakhazikitsa dziko limene panalinso m'magawo akuluakulu - West Kazakhstan, ndi Caucasus, Crimea, ndi Don steppe ndi kum'mawa Ukraine. Mbiri ya zikamera ndi wotukuka wa ku Khazar Khanate ndi umakhudza ndondomeko mapangidwe a statehood wa Asilavo kum'mawa. Amadziwika kuti mutu wa Kagan anali woyamba Kievan akalonga.

Kievan Lazaro

Mbiri ya Ukraine monga boma, malinga ndi ofufuza ambiri, kuyambira m'chaka cha 882. Ndi pamene Kiev anagonjetsedwa ndi Prince Oleg Khazars ndipo inasandulika chilikati cha dera lalikulu la dziko. Mu boma limodzi zinalumikizana kuchotsa drevlyans, Ulichi, White Croatia, ndi mafuko ena Asilavo. Oleg yekha, monga wamphamvu historiography lingaliro anali akunja.

M'zaka za m'ma XI Kievan Lazaro anakhala yaikulu m'gawo la dziko la Europe. Magwero kumadzulo kwa nthawi m'mayiko amene nthawi zambiri akudziwikanso monga Ruthenia. Dzina la Ukraine anali woyamba kutchulidwa zikalata za m'ma XII. Kumatanthauza "m'mphepete", "dziko".

M'zaka za m'ma XVI, mapu oyamba a Ukraine kumeneko. Pa pansi pa dzina lino anasankha Kiev, Chernigov ndi Pereyaslavl mayiko.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity ndi kupsinja Russia

Otsatira a Khristu anaonekera mu Crimea osachepera zaka za m'ma IV. Chikhristu chinayamba chipembedzo Kievan Lazaro mu 988, pa kuyamba Vladimira Velikogo. Mfumu yoyamba ya boma anabatizidwa ndi agogo ake, Mfumukazi Olga.

Mu ulamuliro wa Yaroslava Mudrogo analandira malamulo a linkadziwika kuti "Russian Choonadi". Iyo inali nthawi ya ulamuliro wapamwamba ndale za boma Kievan. Atamwalira zinachitika Jaroslav onongani mu osiyana lothandiza Lazaro, nthawi zambiri zotsutsana ndi chimodzi ufumu wina.

Vladimir Monomakh anayesa kutsitsimutsa boma centralized, koma m'zaka za m'ma XII Russia potsiriza limaphwasuka kusandulika. Kiev ndi wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu anakhala madera amenewo, lomwe kenako anatuluka Ukraine. Mbiri ya zosayembekezereka wa Russia akuyamba ndi kuwuka kwa mzinda wa Suzdal, umene unali pakati ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe cha kumpoto, kum'mawa m'mayiko Russian. Kenako, likulu la magawo amenewa anakhala Moscow. Mu kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa ukulu wa Polotsk unali likulu padziko limene mtundu Chibelarusi unakhazikitsidwa.

Mu 1240, Kiev unadzatengedwa ndi asilikaliwa ndi yosayenera chikoka cha ndyale.

Wotchedwa Galicia-Volhynia

Mbiri ya yatsoka la dziko la Ukraine, monga asayansi ena, akuyamba m'zaka XII. Pa nthawi imeneyo, monga kumpoto ukulu kugwa pansi pa mphamvu ya Golden gulu kumadzulo ndi awiri palokha Russian boma ndi likulu lake ku Galich ndi Lodomir (tsopano Vladimir-Volyn). Pambuyo mayanjano awo anapanga wotchedwa Galicia-Volhynia. Pa pachimake pa ulamuliro wake, amaphatikiza Wallachia ndi Bessarabia ndi mwayi Nyanja Black.

Mu 1245, Papa Innocent IV korona Prince Daniil Galitsky ndi kumulola mutu wa mfumu ya Russia. Pa nthawi imeneyo ukulu anatsogolera nkhondo yovuta ndi asilikaliwa. Atamwalira Daniila Galitskogo mu 1264 iye anali mwana wake Leo amene anasamuka likulu mumzinda wa Lviv. Mosiyana ndi atate wake, amene anali katswiri-Western vekitala ndale, iye anapita pa kugwirizana ndi Mongolia, makamaka, iye anachita mgwirizano ndi Nogai Khan. Pamodzi ndi wake Chitata ogwirizana Leo atalanda Poland. Mu 1280, iye anagonjetsa Hungarians ndipo anatenga gawo la Transcarpathia.

Atamwalira Leo anayamba likamalowa wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ukulu. Mu 1323 mu nkhondo ndi Mongolia anapha oimira otsiriza a nthambi imeneyi ya Rurik. Pambuyo pake, Volyn linali m'manja mwa akalonga Chilituyaniya Gedeminovichey ndi wotchedwa Galicia anagwa pansi pa ulamuliro wa Polish Korona.

Rzeczpospolita

Pambuyo Union of Lublin m'mayiko Ruthenian anakhala mbali ya Ufumu wa Poland. Nthawi imeneyi, mbiri ya Ukraine monga boma ndi linasokonekera, koma izo zinali pa nthawi imeneyi anapanga mtundu Chiyukireniya. Kusiyana Polish Akatolika ndi Orthodox Rusyns, pang'onopang'ono zinachititsa kusagwirizana yosiyanasiyana.

Cossacks

Zitsulo ankafunitsitsa kuteteza malire awo kum'mawa kwa Ottoman ndi atumiki ake. Pakuti zolinga zimenezi, izo bwino wosakanikirana Cossacks. Iwo samangokhala kusonyeza zankhanza a Crimea khans, komanso nawo nkhondo ya Commonwealth ndi ufumu Moscow.

Ngakhale usilikali Cossacks Inagwira, olemekezeka Polish ankakana kusamalira iwo m'chaching'ono kudziyimira pawokha kwambiri, kuyesera m'malo kutembenuza anthu ambiri a anthu Chiyukireniya mpanda wolimba kwambiri. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti mikangano ndi zipolowe.

Pambuyo pake, mu 1648 anayamba kumasulidwa nkhondo kutsogoleredwa ndi Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Mbiri ya Ukraine analowa gawo latsopano. Chifukwa cha kugalukira boma Hetman anali atazunguliridwa ndi asilikali atatu: Ottoman, ndi Polish-Chilituyaniya Commonwealth ndi Muscovy. A nthawi machenjerero a ndale.

Mu 1654 Zaporozhye Cossacks adalowa mgwirizano ndi Moscow tsar. Poland anayesetsa kuti ayambenso kulamulira madera otaika ndi kusainira ndi Hetman Ivanom Vygovskim mgwirizano. Izi zathandiza kuti nkhondo pakati pa Commonwealth ndi Muscovy. Izo zinatha ndi kusainira Andrusovo mgwirizano umene Hetman achoke Moscow.

Mu ulamuliro wa Russian Ufumu Austria-Hungary

Mbiri wotsatira wa Ukraine, amene gawo unagawidwa pakati pa maiko awiri, yodziwika ndi kuwuka kwa chikumbumtima national anthu olemba ndi aluntha.

Pa nthawi iyi Russian Ufumu potsiriza akuswa Krymskoe Hanstvo ndi zimatengera pa madera ake. Likugwiritsidwanso magawo atatu la Poland. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ambiri m'mayiko ake, litadzala ndi Ukrainians, ndi gawo la Russia. Wotchedwa Galicia chimatsatira mfumu Austria.

Ambiri Russian olemba, aluso ndi mayiko a m'zaka XVIII-XIX anali mizu Chiyukireniya. Pakati wotchuka kwambiri - Nikolai Gogol ndi Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Pafupifupi osankhika onse, mosiyana Russia, zinali wotchedwa Galicia ku Austrians ndi Poland, ndi Ruthenians ambiri anali anthu wamba.

cha fuko

Mu XIX atumwi ku Eastern Europe anayamba ndondomeko ya chitsitsimutso chikhalidwe cha anthu amene anali pansi pa mphamvu za maufumu lalikulu - ndi Austria, Russian ndi Ottoman. Ine sindikufuna kukhala padera kwa mumaganiza awa ndi Ukraine. Mbiri ya zikamera wa m'gululi kwa ufulu wa dziko kumayambira 1846 ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa St. Cyril ndi Methodius Ubale. Membala wa bungwe limeneli anali kuphatikizapo ndakatulo Taras Shevchenko. Patapita nthawi, chikhalidwe, za demokalase ndi chosintha chipani, ovomereza-kudziyimira pawokha m'mayiko Chiyukireniya.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, mu 1848, ku Lviv anayamba ntchito yake "Supreme Ruthenian Council" - Bungwe loyamba andale a Western Ukrainians. Ngakhale chogwidwa Russophile ndi ovomereza-Russian maganizo mu anzeru Chigalashiya.

Choncho, mbiri ya Ukraine mu malire ake lino ikuyamba ndi kubadwa maphwando m'dziko lonse zochokera mu zaka za m'ma XIX. Iwo anapanga mfundo za boma tsogolo logwirizana.

The First World nkhondo kugwa maufumu

Yomwe inayamba mu 1914, nkhondo kwabweretsa kugwa kwa monarchies wamkulu mu Europe. Anthu kwa zaka zambiri ankakhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa maufumu amphamvu, ndinali nawo mwayi kudziwa tsoka lawo.

November 20, 1917 Republic Chiyukireniya Anthu unakhazikitsidwa. A January 25, 1918 izo ananena ufulu wodzilamulira zonse ku Russia. Patapita kanthawi, iye odukaduka Austria-Hungary. Chifukwa, November 13, 1918 Republic West Chiyukireniya Anthu unali kulengezedwa. January 22, 1919 msonkhano kukumananso wa UPR ndi ZUNR. Komabe, mbiri ya yatsoka la dziko la Ukraine sanali wathunthu. Mphamvu latsopano linali pakati pa aboma kenako nkhondo Soviet-Chipolishi, ndi chifukwa anataya ufulu wodzilamulira.

SSR

Mu 1922 izo analenga Chiyukireniya Soviet Socialist Republic, omwe anakhala gawo la USSR. Popeza oyamba ndi pamaso pa Soviet Union linagwa, izo panambala pakati pa mayiko a mphamvu zachuma ndi andale.

Map of Ukraine mu nthawi imeneyi lasinthidwa kangapo. Mu 1939 iye anabwerera wotchedwa Galicia ndi Volyn. Mu 1940 - m'madera ena pamaso a Romania, ndipo mu 1945 - Transcarpathia. Pomaliza, mu 1954 ku Ukraine izo linalanda Crimea. Komano, zigawo Shahtinskii ndi Taganrog anatitumiza mu 1924 ku Russia, ndipo mu 1940 ndi SSR Chimoludaviyani adachoka Transdniestria.

Nkhondo yachiwiri itatha Chiyukireniya SSR anakhala mmodzi wa mayiko UN woyamba. Malinga ndi zotsatira za 1989 kalembera wa anthu Republic analipo anthu okwana pafupifupi mamiliyoni 52.

ufulu

Ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union mu 1991, Ukraine anakhala boma palokha. Izi anali yoyamba kuwuka kwa amaganiza kukonda dziko. January 21, 1990, zikwi mazana atatu Ukrainians bungwe unyolo anthu ku Kiev ku Lviv pothandizira ufulu. Iwo anali maphwando zozikidwa udindo national-kukonda dziko. Ukraine anakhala m'malo mlandu wa USSR ndi Republic Chiyukireniya. Boma UNR mu ukapolo mwalamulo anasamutsa mphamvu zake kwa pulezidenti woyamba Leonid Kravchuk.

Monga mukuonera, mbiri ya Ukraine kuyambira kale atadzazidwa ndi chigonjetso, kulephera chosasimbika, MASOKA mfulu, zoopsa ndi chidwi nkhani.