Kodi amisiri? Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "mmisiri"

Munthu kale chinkhoswe kupanga zinthu zofunika zosowa tsiku ndi moyo wabwino. M'nkhani ino tidzayesetsa kuti adzaone zomwe kuchita osema. Nanga ntchito woyamba. Tiyeni tikambirane mwachidule za maonekedwe a zipangizo ndi njira zamakono njira zosiyanasiyana.

kutanthauza

Mu lingaliro ili amabisa ang'ono-ang'ono yopanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana pamanja. Kuti popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kupanga. Nthawi zambiri, zotsatira analengedwa ndi olamulira, amapatsa luso yekha zinthu mosiyana katundu mbamuikha ogula.

Waluso - munthu amene tikugwira kupanga Buku la zinthu. Zimakhala ziyeneretso osiyana (journeyman, kapitawo, mutu wa Dipatimenti), kupanga mankhwala kuyitanitsa kapena zogulitsa. Chimake choyamba chikukhudza katswiri wodziwa, pamene lachiwiri kale anayamba kuphunzira kwa oyamba.

Amisiri chinkhoswe mu nthawi zosiyana za mbiri, tikambirana zina, ndipo tsopano kutchula waukulu mitundu ina zokhudzana ndi makampani.

Chirichonse m'gulu kuchuluka kwa zinthu zofunika pa moyo wofewa, kuyambira kalekale itapangidwa osema. Izi zosiyanasiyana zitsulo (blacksmithing), dongo (oumba), zikopa ndi zikopa (Kozhumyaki), miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi zitsulo sanali akakhala (jewelers, engravers, odula ndi kudzinenera zina zambiri).

Tiyeni tiwone, kodi osema mu dziko wakale ndi Zapakati.

Processing zitsulo

Zitsulo woyamba kwambiri kuti anthu waphunzira kusamalira, wakhala mkuwa. M'manda a Farao ndi zojambula za njira ankayengera nkhaniyi. A mbiya ang'ono ndi lathyathyathya mwala m'malo nyundo. Komabe, pamene primitiveness akuoneka, mankhwala zinaposa kopambana nthawi. Makamaka tiona izi pamene ife tifika jewelers lapansi.

Anadzatchedwa mkuwa, pamene taphunzira kuti aloyi zamkuwa ndi malata. Mafanowa ndi zotengera, zida ndi zodzikongoletsera, miyendo mipando ndi zokometsera aloyi. Ndicho chimene osema chinkhoswe mu Iguputo.

Pofika kumapeto kwa ufumu wa Farao ndi apeza woyamba wa chitsulo, koma ndiye anali adakali mtengo kwambiri ndi azidzipereka. Wamkulu chitukuko cha nkhaniyi anali mu Middle Ages.

Europe, Russia, ndi Middle East anali ambuye wotchuka, amene nthawi iyi analenga katswiri moti ngakhale lero iwo mobwerezabwereza. Mwachitsanzo, Damasiko zitsulo. cholimba kwambiri ndi tsamba kusintha. Monga pamene amisiri azitsulo akwaniritsa chotero yeniyeni poyerekezera ndi kulumikiza zitsulo zigawo komabe si bwino.

Kugwira ntchito ndi nkhuni

Kalipentala wotchuka ayenera kuti ankaganiza Khristu. Komabe, kuti adziwe zinabala zinthu wapadera. Nthawi zambiri, mu dziko wakale ndi limati akale, iwo unali chuma ambiri.

Shipbuilding, zomangamanga ndi ntchito zina zambiri ntchito nkhuni zofuna zawo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia m'mizinda ya msewu zinali za matabwa ndipo zipika. Mipando ndi banja ziwiya, zidole, migolo, ngolo, ndi makina ina - zonse anamanga nkhuni.

Jewelcrafting

Kenako ntchito makamaka amasonyeza tanthauzo la mawu akuti "mmisiri". Apa mbuye kukhala mumzindawo ndi zovuta ntchito polenga zodzikongoletsera ochokera m'madera ochepa kwambiri.

Ngakhale mu Iguputo, akatswiri granulated golide ndi ananamizira kuti atsirizitse sarcophagus chivindikiro kuti akatswiri amakono yekha Usadabwe anapatsidwa. Adakhoza kulumikiza mipira popanda kuda aliyense owoneka a adhesions. mapepala golide abwino okhudza mafano, n'zosadabwitsa bwino maonekedwe a amuna kakang'ono ndi nyama, makina zidole. Zonse zodabwitsa izi ndi Ndimagoma anthu kutali, ngakhale izo zakhala ziri zaka zoposa chikwi.

Chotero kodi amisiri ku Egypt, momveka bwino mmene mpanda wa manda a Farao ndi. Osema miyala anali ambuye wa luso lawo. Ndipotu asayansi tsopano pafupifupi popanda khama yafupika kupanga mkombero kuti malangizowa.

Mu Russia, ndi jewelers anali ulemu wapadera. Akalonga anathandiza ndi kulimbikitsa akatswiri a ntchito imeneyi. Zipangizo zinkachokera ku mayiko ena, chifukwa, ngati, osakhala akakhala zitsulo yopanga sanali maukulu a. The njira zotsogola wachotsedwa, ndi amisiri amatchedwa "Zlatarov" ndi "siliva", malingana ndi chuma.

Leatherworking

The zakuthupi kuti yopanga zovala. Ndingachitirenji akumuuza chiyani?
Ngati anthu mu M'badwo Stone ntchito kuphimba zikopa ziri sewn, ndiye, kuyambira ndi Igupto, iwo kale anayamba kuchita, ndipo wowonda, penti ndi chokongoletsedwa.

nkhaniyi ankagwiritsa ntchito saddlers ndi furriers, saddlers ndi tulniki (anachita phodo), shoemakers ndi ambuye kwa kupanga Morocco zikopa.
Armorer kulengedwa kuchokera yamawangamawanga wa khungu zosiyanasiyana kuwala ndi zida sing'anga. Pa wosula wa kenako umatulutsa mitundu riveted zankhondo, ndipo anali malamba magawo kulumikiza zitsulo suti kokha pambuyo pake.
Mfundoyi ikusonyeza bwino tanthauzo la mawu akuti "mmisiri". Ndipotu, ngati inu bwinobwino njira currying, tikuona kuti kwa nthawi yaitali anali yekha dzanja.

Poyamba, mwayeretsa zinthu ubweya. Kuti tichite zimenezi, zikopa ndi kuponyedwa oponderamo kapena matabwa mabokosi ndi mandimu. Siteji yotsatira - khungu. Iye woyesedwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo n'kuukanda manja ake kwa softness pazipita. Ngati elasticity ndi otsika, posachedwapa padzakhala ming'alu.

Kenako, nkhani ankachitira zimalowa osema osiyana zokambirana.

Weaponsmithing

Kufikira tsopano, mankhwala zikufunika mkulu, ndipo udachita mabiliyoni ambiri. Mmene onse anayamba?

Nthawizina izo zimawoneka kuti blacksmithing - chinthu chokha nawo osema kalelo. Chiwerengero cha mankhwala ntchito asilikali, amene zakale zikuwoneka chabe zosatheka pa mlingo wa ulimi mu zaka.
Malupanga ndi daggers, mikondo ndi chapamwamba cha mivi ndi akapichi, mivi, rivets wachikopa zida ndi zovala olimba zitsulo. zinthu zonsezi kwambiri zikugwirizana maonekedwe eni.

Ngati ife kulankhula za mfuti, pali mosavuta kulenga kapena kusintha. Koma Armorer ntchito katswiri chabe. Thirani kapena akupeka chapachifuwa pomwe pa chithunzi cha tsogolo la mwini wake, kukongoletsa zodzikongoletsera zosiyanasiyana ndi chisindikizo wangwiro mafupa onse. Choncho aliyense wojambula akuchita tsiku lathu.

Malupanga a Damasiko zitsulo, ndipo mwangwiro lakuthwa katana Japanese asilikaliwo, amene kudula silika pa ntchentche. Zitsanzo zonsezi zikusonyeza mlingo mwachilungamo mkulu wa ulimi ndi ntchito kochepa chuma. Kuti ndi Luso weniweni. Ndicho chimene mmisiri ngati kumvetsa akamanena mawu akuti.

yomanga

Nkosafuna kunena za mapiramidi ndi zina zipilala m'patali ya mapulani wakale. Lero, ife tonse chidwi ndi amawasirira.

M'dera lino, kupanga Chili zamanja zosiyanasiyana. Omanga nyumba ndi amisiri, amisiri ndi glaziers, ojowina ndi amisiri, blacksmiths. Onse a iwo, njira imodzi kapena wina apanga dzanja kumanga nyumba zachifumu osati kokha, komanso shacks ambiri.
Ngati ife kulankhula za Russia, chipika cabins ndi zaka zochepa ndi kusunga chikhalidwe oyenera moyo.

Murals pa makoma a nyumba akachisi zikusonyeza zimene osema chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha nthawi ya Babulo, Igupto, limati wakale, ndipo kenako akale maufumu ndi maufumu. amisiri luso ndi zodabwitsa. Sikuti iwo, koma ambuye onse a nthawi, akuoneka kuti akuchita mibadwo yonse, ndi moyo. Mwatsoka, maganizo oterowo kuti ntchito yake lero ali osowa.

Kuluka ndi kupota

Ndithu chosalimba mtundu wa luso. Poyamba, salinso ntchito monga chibwana. Pamene panalibe kanthu kochita madzulo, kupita kwa kusoka, kuluka, sangathenso. Kulankhula, kukambirana kukanikiza.

Koma luso mlingo si kuwawa. mabanja ambiri anali okonzeka zinthu zofanana ntchito zapakhomo, koma ndi kukula ndi kukula ubale malonda anayamba kuzichita ndi katundu.

Mwachitsanzo, nsalu Foinike wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa mitundu yake. Chotero wofiirira chinthu chatsopano kuona pa olamulira onse. Ndipotu, mtengo chotero mwanaalirenji mkulu.

makalipeti Oriental ndi lero Timasangalalanso ndi wapadera ake. Aliyense banja kapena fuko anali ndi miyambo mwini wake, moyo, mosiyanasiyana. Onse a mphasa kwa wapamwamba makalapeti ndi mulu yaitali , mukanatha kugula kwa amalonda.

Zinthu zamakedzana m'dera lino komanso timvetse zimene osema chinkhoswe mu Russia. Apa, lofalitsidwa koposa ntchito zipangizo monga nyumba hemp ndi ubweya. The weavers anatha kulenga zinthu chansalu, twill yokhotakhota komanso zovuta.

Komanso yopangidwa kuchokera ku ubweya nsalu ya makulidwe osiyana, woonda nsalu. Mtundu anali zosiyanasiyana. Ntchito wofiira, wobiriwira, wakuda, wachikasu ndi buluu utoto.

mbiya

Mwina ambiri pa chiwerengero cha anthu ofukula zinthu zakale akapeza ntchito. Ndipo chinthu chophweka kuposa angachite mmisiri. Zonse muyenera ntchito - dongo ndi madzi.

The njira zakale za ulimi wa ziwiya - losavuta akamaumba ndi kuyanika padzuwa. Chachiwiri chimake - kulenga nyama timitengo, amene kenako TACHIMATA ndi dongo.
Kenako tinayamba kuwotcha ziwiya magazi pafupi moto. The anapeza luso chotero limanenedwa mosavuta. miphika awa awoneka akuda ngati khungu la nyamazi ndi.
Ngati inu muyang'ana pa katswiri wa luso la mbiya mu mawonekedwe a amphorae Greek, molimba kuitana amasankha ntchito luso. Komabe, icho chiri izi.

Kenako, panali kusintha kwa akamaumba Buku kupanga mankhwala pa njinga woumba mbiya. Ndi panthawi imeneyi kusintha zikuchokera ambuye ndi jenda. Poyamba, ili nawo kuposa akazi, koma tsopano mbiya amakhala ntchito wamwamuna.

glassmaking

Wamng'ono lokhudza izi. Choyamba, nkhani ntchito kulenga zokongoletsa mu mawonekedwe a mikanda ya mosiyanasiyana kapena pakhosi zosonyeza. Zikuoneka zitsanzo woyamba zimapezeka pa kumenya kwa mphezi mu mchenga. Kuchokera kutentha chinali kusungunuka ndipo inasanduka pellets galasi.

Akukhulupirira kuti loyamba la luso limeneli katswiri wakale mfiti Igupto, koma lero ngati nkhani yolembedwa ndi kufunsidwa.

Koma amadziwika kuti kumayambiriro Ages Middle, Byzantium ndi Middle East kuti zimagulitsidwa mankhwala awa kuzungulira dziko. Izi zinaphatikizapo zodzikongoletsera (mikanda, mikanda, zibangili zina), zidole, mafanowa. Kenako - mbale.

Motero, taona mfundo ziti za ntchito zamanja anali wofala m'nthawi yakale, anaphunzira tanthauzo la mawu akuti "mmisiri" ndi kukambirana za limatchula za kudzinenera ena.