Pamene iwo anakhala wamba Zapakati? Mbiri ya Amaya

anthu amakono lingaliro vaguest a momwe iwo ankakhalira wamba Zapakati. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa moyo ndi miyambo ya mudzi zasintha zaka zambiri.

Zikamera kudalira ang'onoang'ono

Mawu akuti "Middle Ages" ntchito ambiri a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, chifukwa ndi zimene zinali anthu zochitika zonse mwamphamvu kugwirizana ndi lingaliro la Ages Middle. Izi ndi nyumba, Ankhondo ndi zambiri. The wamba chimangidwe anali kumalo kwace nkomwe papita zaka zingapo.

Kumayambiriro kwa VIII ndi IX zaka. m'chigawo Wachifulanki (zomwe ogwirizana France, Germany ndi ambiri Italy) panali kusintha timakhala mozungulira yokhudza malo. Izo zachitika dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, lomwe linali maziko a anthu akale.

Mafumu (ogwirizira a mphamvu wapamwamba) anadalira thandizo la asilikali. Pakuti utumiki wa mfumu pafupifupi analandira m'madera ambiri m'dziko. M'kupita kwa nthawi, panali gulu lonse wa ambuye wolemera, amene anali m'madera ambiri mwa boma. Wamba amene anali mayiko amenewa, anakhala katundu wawo.

Mtengo wa mpingo

Mwini lina lalikulu la dziko wakhala mpingo. Mabuku kumene kumakhala Amonke imachititsa makilomita ambiri lalikulu. Wamba ankakhala Ages Middle pa m'mayiko amenewo? Analandira yaing'ono gawo payekha, ndi kubwerera ankayenera kugwira ntchito nambala inayake masiku m'dera la mwini. Zinali zachuma kukakamiza. Iwo zakhudza pafupifupi maiko onse European, kupatula Scandinavia.

mpingo anachita ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu ukapolo ndi landlessness m'mudzimo. Moyo wa anthu wamba kuti mosavuta kusintha akuluakulu amatchalitchiwo. Wamba umachititsa amakhulupirira kuti ntchito ofatsa a mpingo kapena kulanda dzikolo pambuyo kukumbutsana zimene zimachitika munthu akamwalira kumwamba.

The impoverishment osauka ndi

Panali ang'onoang'ono umwini dziko laipa wamba, pafupifupi onse a iwo anali pa umphawi loonetsa. Ichi chinali chifukwa zochitika zingapo. Chifukwa utumiki zonse zankhondo ndi ntchito wamba ang'onoang'ono anadukana m'dziko lawo anali ndi nthawi pang'ono kuchita izo. Komanso, pa mapewa awo anagona zosiyanasiyana msonkho ndi boma. anthu Medieval zinali zochokera tsankho osalungama. Mwachitsanzo, alimi adamangidwa chilango apamwamba milandu chifukwa cha zolakwa ndi kuyan'anila za malamulo.

Anthu a m'mudzimo Ankawaphwanyira m'dziko lawo, koma osati anathamangitsidwa izo. Zinali chuma zachilengedwe zinali ndiye njira yokhayo kupulumuka ndi ndalama. Choncho ambuye anapereka wamba opanda minda kutenga dzikolo kwa iwo chifukwa cha kudzipereka ambiri, monga tafotokozazi.

precarium

Limagwirira waukulu zikamera wa European serfdom anali precarium. Choncho Ndinaitana mapangano anamaliza pakati pa ambuye ang'onoang'ono ndi osauka opanda minda wamba. Posinthanitsa ndi umwini wa gawo wolima alonjeza kapena kulipira nyumba kapena kugwira serfdom zonse. Medieval mudzi ndi anthu ake nthawi zambiri kwathunthu kugwirizana ndi ang'onoang'ono mgwirizano precarium (kutanthauza "pa pempho"). Ntchito angapatsidwe kwa zaka zingapo kapena ngakhale moyo.

Ngati poyamba mlimi anapeza yekha m'dziko monga mbuye ang'onoang'ono kapena mpingo, ndiye nthawi chifukwa impoverishment ndi iye adataya ufulu. The ndondomeko ya ukapolo ndi chotsatira cha mavuto azachuma, amene akudutsa m'mudzi akale ndi anthu ake.

Mphamvu ya mumzinda waukulu

Wosaukayo, amene sanathe kulipira ngongole yonse kwa mbuye ang'onoang'ono, analowa ukapolo poyerekezera ndi ngongole, ndi mfundo inasanduka kapolo. Cacikulu, izi zinapangitsa chakuti apamtunda chuma kuyamwa yaing'ono. Zimenezi komanso ntchito ndi kukula amadza ang'onoang'ono ndale. Chifukwa ndende lalikulu la chuma iwo linalandira ufulu kwa mfumu, ndipo anakwanitsa kuchita m'dziko lawo zilizonse zimene iwo anafuna, kaya malamulo. The zambiri wamba pakati anakhala amadalira ambuye ang'onoang'ono, mphamvu adakula mphamvu ya masika.

Kodi wamba ankakhala Ages Middle, nthawi zambiri ankadalira pa chilungamo. Mtundu uwu wa mphamvu ndi m'manja mwa ambuye ang'onoang'ono (dziko lawo). Mfumu ndingakhoze kulengeza chitetezo chokwanira champhamvu kwambiri Duke, kuti si nkhondo ndi izo. Adalipo ambuye akhoza mosatengera ulamuliro chapakati kuweruza osawuka awo (mawu ena, chuma chawo).

Chitetezo chokwanira komanso yakuti yaikulu mwini panokha kusonkhanitsa malisiti onse amene anapita mu chuma cha korona (ndalama milandu, misonkho milandu zina). Komanso iye anakhala mtsogoleri wa asilikali ang'onoang'ono osauka ndi asilikali amene anali anasonkhana pa nkhondo.

The chitetezo chokwanira molingana ndi Mfumu, anali chabe kapangidwe mwamwambo chabe dongosolo limene mbali anali ang'onoang'ono yokhudza malo. eni lalikulu anali maudindo awo kale kulandira chilolezo kwa mfumu. Chitetezo chokwanira linangowapatsa kuti zamalamulo limene anatenga moyo wa Amaya.

patrimony

Pamaso panali kusintha pa maubwenzi dziko pachimake malonda wagawo Ulaya anali alimi akumidzi. Monga iwo anali maina. Madera ankakhala momasuka, koma kumayambiriro kwa VIII ndi IX zaka zambiri, iwo apita. Mu malo awo anabwera fiefdoms wa olemekezeka wamphamvu, amene anagonjera linga ammudzi.

Iwo akhoza kukhala osiyana kwambiri matabwa ake, malinga ndi dera. Mwachitsanzo, kumpoto kwa France, zigawo zazikulu anagawanika zimene zinaphatikizapo midzi angapo. Mu chigawo chakumwera wa boma wamkulu wa Wachifulanki akale anthu m'mudzi ankakhala zigawo yaing'ono, zimene zingathe okha mayadi khumi. mugawo ili m'madera European anakhalabe ndi chinakhalapo mpaka kulephera kwa dongosolo ang'onoang'ono.

Kapangidwe ka patrimony ndi

Chakale patrimony unagawidwa pawiri. The woyamba anali ankalamulira mwini, kumene wamba ntchito mu masiku mosamalitsa ena, kutumikira ntchito yake. The gawo lachiwiri la m'mabwalo a anthu akumidzi, chifukwa chimene iwo anakhala amadalira mbuye ang'onoang'ono.

Labor osauka kwenikweni ntchito Manor, kumene monga ulamuliro, linali likulu la zigawo ndi Manor gawo. Amaphatikiza nyumba ndi munda, umene pakhala zosiyanasiyana malonda nyumba, minda, minda ya mphesa (ngati analola nyengo). Komanso ife ntchito pano amisiri Manor, popanda zomwe Sizingawathandize mwini malo akanachita. The uchikumbe Nthawi zambiri ndakhala mphero mpingo. Zonsezi ankaona chuma cha mbuye ang'onoang'ono. Kodi anatenga wamba Zapakati, ilo linali pa malo awo, zimene zingathe kupezedwa ziwembu chosanganizidwa ndi mwanaciro munda.

antchito yozungulira kumidzi ankafunika ntchito mu madera ena a mbuye ang'onoang'ono ndi kufufuza wanu, komanso zoyenera pano ng'ombe zawo. Kamodzikamodzi ntchito ndi akapolo weniweni (wosanjikiza izi chikhalidwe n'chochepa kwambiri mu kukula).

Ziwembu za olimapo alimi limodzi ndi mzake. Iwo anali kugwiritsa ntchito dziko wamba odyetserako (mwambo umenewu udakali ndi ufulu nthawi dera). Moyo wa gulu lino anali malamulo ndi msonkhano m'mudzi. Iwo anali chaired ndi meya, amene anasankhidwa Ambuye ang'onoang'ono.

ulimi makamaka ang'onoang'ono

Mu malo mosavuta ulimi ang'onoang'ono. Ichi chinali chifukwa chitukuko otsika mphamvu aphindu m'midzi. Komanso, m'mudzi padali kugawanikana ntchito pakati pa anthu wamba ndi amisiri kuti akhoza kusintha ntchito zake. Ie luso ndi nyumba ntchito anaonekera monga mbali zotsatira za ulimi.

alimi yozungulira ndi amisiri anapereka mbuye zovala zosiyana, nsapato, ndi zida zina zofunika. Amapangidwa mu anabadwira, kwa gawo ambiri dzinali lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito mwamantha pabwalo ndipo kawirikawiri mu yawoyawo ya serfs.

malonda m'mphawi

Chosowa makope katundu angaletsedwe malonda. Komabe, n'kulakwa kunena kuti sanali konse, ndi osawuka sanali angapezekeko. Panali misika fairs, komanso kufalitsa ndalama. Komabe, sikuti zimenezi zimakhudza moyo wa midzi ndi anthu wotchuka. The alimi analibe njira kuli ufulu ndi malonda lofooka sanathe kuwathandiza kulipira mafumu ang'onoang'ono.

The chimaposa malonda, anagula m'mudzi, iwo sanathe kutulutsa okha. Mafumu ang'onoang'ono anagula mchere, zida, komanso zapamwamba nthawi zina kuti akhoza kubweretsa amalonda ochokera m'mayiko kunja. M'mudzimo mu wotuluka izi sanapange nawo. Ie malonda kokha kukwaniritsa zofuna ndi zosowa za anthu osankhika yopapatiza wa anthu, umene unali ndalama zoonjezera.

wamba Zionetsero

Kodi wamba ankakhala Ages Middle kudalira kukula kwa mangawa, amene linaperekedwa kwa mbuye ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zambiri kunapatsa mu mtundu. Izo zikhoza kukhala tirigu, ufa, mowa, nkhuku, mazira kapena handicrafts.

Walekana ndi zatsalira katundu anachititsa wamba zionetsero. Iye akanakhoza lofotokozeredwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a m'mudzimo anathawa opondereza awo kapena ngakhale ankachitika zachiwawa chachikulu. kuukira wamba, nthawi iliyonse anagonjetsa chifukwa cha akulembayo, kugawikana ndi kusowa kwa gulu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ngakhale anatsogolera chakuti mafumu ang'onoang'ono anayesa kukonza kuchuluka kwa ntchito kusiya kukula ndi kuonjezera kusakhutira pakati serfs lapansi.

Chokana ubale ang'onoang'ono

Mbiri ya wamba Zapakati - ndi kukumana nthawi zonse ndi nzika lalikulu, ndi mosiyanasiyana bwino. maubwenzi amenewa anaonekera mu Europe pa bwinja la anthu wakale, kumene kulamulira ndi ukapolo chakale, momveka kwambiri anafotokoza mu Ufumu wa Roma.

Chokana a dongosolo ang'onoang'ono ndi ukapolo wa wamba inkachitika mu masiku ano. Anathandizira chitukuko cha chuma (makampani makamaka kuunika), mafakitale ndi eksodo m'mizinda. Komanso pa Ages Middle ndipo masiku ano ndi kwa maganizo a anthu chinayambira ku Europe, amene anayika ufulu wa anthu pa mutu wa onse.