Equilibria sakanikira

dongosolo sakanikira, motsutsana ndi kwenikweni ndi dongosolo thupi-mankhwala, imene pali zosiyana katundu thupi gawo. Ndiko kuti, lili mbali yomwe ali osiyana madera a loitanirana ndi zikuchokera zinthu. gawo limodzi la dongosolo otere wosiyana malire ena, amene ndimeyi amachititsa tumphatumpha Mkhalidwe mu kusintha kwa katundu physico-mankhwala a dongosolo (wothandizila). Izi magawo zimasintha angakhale mawonekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka kophimba Krustalo, osalimba wa thunthu, kapangidwe kake, ndi zina zakutchire mu atomu.

Choncho, dongosolo sakanikira, pali osachepera mwamwambo kulekana kwa magawo a. Zitsanzo za machitidwe oterewa ndi madzi ndi nthunzi imene imati osiyanasiyana loitanirana, mafuta ndi madzi, amene ali m'chiwiya umodzi, ndi nyimbo zosiyana ndi ena. Nthawi zambiri n'zosatheka kusiyanitsa pakati pa machitidwe homogeneous ndi sakanikira, chifukwa zimakhala zovuta kukhazikitsa kwambiri malire a kusintha pakati pa magawo. Mwachitsanzo, mu suspensions mawotchi kwa malire kutenga colloids, ndipo iwo ali particles zing'onozing'ono solute lapansi. Pa dzanja limodzi - izi ndi dongosolo kwenikweni chifukwa tinthu kukula ndi ang'onoang'ono kwambiri motero kuti akhoza kuwasamalira. Komano, ngakhale pa mlingo atomiki, koma chinthu mwa iwo onse yemweyo ali pano mu nkhani iyi, tinganene kuti monga dongosolo sakanikira.

The chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri umene wafala mfundo heterogeneity, ndi sakanikira mgwirizano. Tiyeni tione tanthauzo la zodabwitsazi pa chitsanzo njira amadzimadzi. Mu sakanikira mgwirizano ndi katundu amene ali kulanda particles kudzera gawo malire malire, osachepera awiri magawo pafupi. Ife tiona mu kulongosola okha bwalo ka zinthu zimenezi zomwe ndi zofunika kwambiri mu mawu a ntchito zimene mukuphunzirazo. Malinga ndi katundu sakanikira mgwirizano ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu, choncho zimachitika mankhwala zako, ndipo ndi chidwi ku mawonedwe a kusanthula ongolankhula mu umagwirira thupi.

Mu chidwi othandiza koposa zonse, madongosolo otero, monga olimba - madzi gawo (precipitate - njira zimalimbikitsa). dongosolo zimenezi n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa kuchita zambiri mankhwala luso zochokera kulekana kwa thunthu wina ndi mzake. Komanso njira zofunika ndi n'zosiyana kumene sakanikira mgwirizano kumathandiza chachikulu. Zina zimene lomasuliridwa mankhwala bwino sungunuka njira zothanirana.

kachitidwe kena - olimba gawo - madzi njira zachokera chodabwitsa kuwombola ion. Izi chodabwitsa mankhwala wamba mu kuyeretsedwa luso zothetsera amadzimadzi zosiyanasiyana zosafunika, ndipo ntchito ngati zinthu zofunika kulekanitsa Chrixitu. Pankhaniyi, pali equilibria sakanikira mu njira electrolyte, ndi ofunika chifukwa njira ochiritsira a kulekanitsa mankhwala osathandiza. Othandiza kukhazikitsa kusintha amenewa amaperekedwa ndi kuwombola ion, kumene kumachitika pa pamwamba pa ndalama ion m'kati anachita electrolytic.

Wamba wachitatu wa a pansi pa kuganizira - dongosolo madzi - gawo madzi, ndi funso mankhwala ndi nyimbo zosiyana za nkhaniyi. Pankhaniyi umagwiritsidwa pamene njira ziwiri immiscible zili zinthu mzake ndi mitengo yosiyanasiyana ya solubility, i.e., pali akutali sakanikira mgwirizano. The kugwiritsa ntchito zodabwitsazi umatchedwa m'zigawo. Kupanga ndi mafakitale mankhwala njira m'zigawo wayima monga njira yabwino kwambiri kulekanitsa zinthu.