Ivan Peresvetov ndi malingaliro ake nthanthi

Kuchokera XVI m'ma anabwera kwa ife zolemba journalistic Mlembi ndi Ivan Peresvetov - mmodzi wa anthu a nzeru kwambiri a chi Ivana Groznogo. Pa nthawi imene dissent anali kuletsedwa ndi nkhanza kwambiri, iye anali wolimba mtima kufotokoza maganizo otsutsana ndi malingaliro nduna ya boma. Information za moyo wake n'zochepa, ndiyekhayo mmene iwo anachokera, anali nyimbo yake, dzina lake mu chikumbukiro m'mibadwo yanu.

Service m'magulumagulu wolembedwa

Peresvetov Ivan Semenovich anali mbadwa ya m'mayiko Chilituyaniya, ndi kufika akula, anakhala katswiri msilikali. Wa zopempha awiri, lolembedwa ndi iye mu dzina la Ivan m'khutu, amadziwika kuti makumi mochedwa za m'ma XVI, iye ndi gulu la anthu olemekezeka Polish msilikali wa dziko la Hungary Mfumu Jan lembani. Zikuoneka kuti tikulankhula za utumiki wolembedwa, ambiri masiku amenewo.

Provoevav pansi pa mbendera lembani zaka zingapo, Ivan anapita mu utumiki wa Goliyati - ndi Czech mfumu Ferdinand Ine la Habsburg. chifukwa anali kusintha lamulo la Polish Mfumu Sigismund Ine, nkhani imene anali Ivan Peresvetov. Pambuyo wina tsoka lalifupi nthawi anam'ponya asilikali Chimoludaviyani mbuye Peter IV, amene anachita nawo yokopa anthu angapo.

Mu mphamvu ya bureaucracy Boyar

Komanso, pempho lake, iye anati mu mmasate mochedwa, anabwera likulu la Moscow. Pali anapatsidwa kupereka asilikali kukhazikitsa ulimi wa zishango nkhondowo, koma ntchito iyi anasonyeza kuti zosakwanira chifukwa vuto la boyars amene anapanga pamene osankhika akulamulira dziko. Kaya anachita chotero wokondedwa kwa mitima yawo bureaucracy, kapena kungoti waba ndalama, koma anakhala Ivan Peresvetov ntchito, koma amphamvu ankhondo - popanda zishango.

Kamodzi Moscow ndipo nthawi yomweyo takumana ndi chimawononga mawonetseredwe boma la kusalankhula mphamvu Boyar, iye anapereka amvetse zozama za zonse mwaziwona, ndi kuyesa kupeza njira yothetsera mavuto. mawunikidwe wake atakhazikitsa pa pepala mu mawonekedwe a opempha ndipo amagonjera awo amene analamulira dziko m'malo mwa ndiye khanda Tsar Ivan IV. Koma amene anali ndi mphamvu pa nthawi nthawi maseva analibe kanthu kochita ndi maganizo ake, ndi mapepala anagonjera iwo sankayankhidwa.

Kutsutsa Moscow boyars

Ivan Peresvetova mapemphero a zaka siinafike ife, ndipo ngakhale kuti iwo enieni, wachita kale Mufunsidwe. Only kafukufuku asayansi wa XX m'zaka za m'ma anatsimikizira lodalirika awo. Lero, kutaya azambiriyakale Ntchito Peresvetova, olembedwa pa nthawi ina, pamene achinyamata Ivan IV anafika m'badwo, polola kuti adzalamulira dziko paokha. Zimatanthauza mapeto a makumi anai ndi XVI atumwi. Wolemba mabuku cholowa zikuphatikizapo zopereka awiri - wathunthu ndi chosakwanira kope.

Okhutira chachikulu cha ntchito za Ivan Peresvetova mwanjira kusanduka kutsutsa zakuthwa otchuka apamwamba, otsutsiratu analibe mfundo ndi makhalidwe oipa chifukwa cha zimene anali chadzidzidzi ambiri kusayeruzika. Iye amatsutsa iwo "osauka koma wolimba voinnikov". Kuti ndi anthu kutumikira, zimapanga thandizo woona wa boma. malingaliro Social ndi nthanthi ya Ivan Peresvetova kwakukulukulu ofanana amaganiza m'munsi zigawo za ambuye ang'onoang'ono - anthu otchuka. Mu iwo, iye akufotokoza ngati ideologue wa Muscovite autocracy. A ulusi wofiira kudzera m'mabuku ake onse pakubwera Mutu wa kufunika kwa "zedi mphamvu ikufuna."

Ukapolo mdani ndi Kugonja

Komabe, ntchito za Ivan Peresvetova zambiri ankanena kuti ndi yosemphana ndi mfundo za dongosolo boma a m'nthawi imeneyo. malo kwambiri iwo ndi chiweruzo a mitundu yonse Kugonja ndi ukapolo wa strata m'munsi mwa anthu. Analembedwa mkangano waukulu amapereka mawu a m'Baibulo kuti anthu onse, kaya chiyambi kapena dziko - ndi "ana a Adam", choncho sayenera kuti likhale lolimba ofooka. Malinga ndi iye, aliyense ukapolo amapezeka wamakani angayambitse.

Maganizo afotokozedwa mu zolemba zake, anali modabwitsa molimba mtima ndipo sanathe koma kuutsa mkwiyo wa adani. Mwachitsanzo, Ivan Peresvetov ankanena zoona kuti m'dzikoli ndi chilungamo pamwamba chipembedzo. Poyerekeza ndi yolimbana iye mbali la atsogoleri achipembedzo. Koma Moscow State mavuto, iye anafotokoza izo zinali kupanda wa chowonadi amene molimba mtima koposa mfundo zonse zauzimu.

Nsonga Mfumu

Dandaulo lawo, anatumiza Ivanu Groznomu mu nthawi imene iye anali kale mwamphamvu anayamba kulamulira mu manja Peresvetov amatenga ufulu kupereka malangizo kwa mfumu mu lolamulira dziko. Kodi mfumu yoopsa ankaona kofunika kutsogoleredwa ndi iwo, wakhala mutu wa mtsutso sayansi m'zaka za m'ma XIX. Makamaka, wolemba mbiri wotchuka Karamzin anafotokoza chakuti zambiri zimene Peresvetov analemba, analandira anasonyeza kwenikweni mu lamulo la mfumu, koma kaya chinali mwangozi kapena mfumu sangaone kunyozeka maganizo a nzika za patsala chinsinsi.

Chitsanzo ndi chitsanzo cha anagonjetsa Kazan ufumu, akuyendera 1552. chakuti Peresvetov mu zolemba zake, anaonekera monga wochirikiza odzipereka a nkhondo yomenyana ndi Chitata ndi kwenikweni analemba za kufunika kuti adziwe likulu lawo. Koma kunena kuti Ivan Grozny anapanga kampeni zikuluzikulu kufooketsedwa ndi yakufuna, adzakhala penapake totupa. Kulimbana ndi ufumu Kazan kunachitidwa kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma XV, ndipo mwina inali chifukwa cha zotsatira za zopempha izi.

Ndi maganizo ndithu udindo mu drafting wa Peresvetova mu 1550 Sudebnik - malamulo a boma Russia. Ganizo za kufunikira kwa chilengedwe yake amapezeka opempha, koma ndiwo moyo wa mfumu zinali pang'ono osiyana.

Mfundo nthanthi ya Ivan Peresvetova Kuyanjana pakathi pa anthu onse pamaso pa Mulungu, ndi inadmissibility za ukapolo anamuka ndondomeko ya mfumu, ndi kuti umaonekera Sudebnik amene malamulo sankaletsa ukapolo wa mwamuna, koma zonse ndondomeko imeneyi.

Boyarsky mwana - ndi mdani wa ukapolo

Mwa njira, mu mawu awo za inadmissibility wa Yekha angakondere akapolo Peresvetov sanali yekha. Mu mbiri ya Russia adalowa dzina la mdani wina wa ukapolo - Matveya Bashkina. Mwana Boyarsky ananena wosokoneza njiru kulalikira utumiki si mokakamizidwa, ndiponso kupereka ntchito zina pa maziko kwawo. Mu ulamuliro wake, iye ayenera tiyeni wake serfs zonse, kuwononga zikalata inakhazikitsa iwo ndi kapolo udindo wopanda mphamvu chikhalidwe.

A zosiyanasiyana mabuku ntchito Peresvetova

zipilala mabuku a cholembera cha Ivan Peresvetova ali yosiyanasiyana m'chilengedwe. Ngati tilankhula za tatchulawa zopempha Wamng'ono ndi Wamkulu, woyamba wa iwo kwenikweni pempho - kupempha mfumu kuti iyende yeniyeni yochepa. Mu nkhani iyi, anali kupempha thandizo kupanga mapanelo nkhondo. Ngati ife titembenukira kwa pempho Big, n'kosavuta kuona kuti chikalata ichi ndi za mtundu wina. Patsogolo pathu limapezeka unwrapped lonena za ndale, ali imafika zolinga njira.

mosiyana mawonekedwe ake zolembalemba muli ntchito monga "Nthano ya Magmet-Saltan" ndi "The nthano za Tsar Constantine". Koyamba, iwo ali mbali zonse za nkhani zolembedwa kalembedwe epic, koma pa anayendera pafupi zimaonekeratu kuti ndi lakuthwa ntchito journalistic kuti kuthetseratu makhalidwe ankakonda anthu, mdani amene anali Ivan Peresvetov. maganizo ake opezeka mabuku awa apachiyambi kwambiri luso mawu. Mu njira zambiri ali patsogolo pa nthawi yawo.

Okhutira chachikulu cha ntchito za Ivan Peresvetova ndiyo kuganizira mfundo ndi kuzindikira zilema zake. Mu mtsempha ichi, wolemba amazitsutsa Byzantine Mfumu Constantine, amene anakhala wosamalira chakuti kamodzi wamphamvu dziko n'kukhala nyama kwa ogwira adyera ndi achinyengo, kutopa ndi poliyo Magmet-Saltan. Pali Mwachidziwikire mu malingaliro Sultan Muhammed II, anagonjetsa Constantinople mu 1453. Zinali ngati chenjezo zotsatira za dziko kusalankhula mwankhanza atsogoleri ake.

Mapeto a moyo, zobisika kwa zaka

Sizikudziwika pamene ndipo zinthu zinali, zapita Ivan Peresvetov. yonena lake lili pafupi palibe uthenga konkire. Limodzi likhoza kuganiza kuti nkomwe atamaliza ulendo wake wapadziko lapansi bata ndi mtendere - panali zambiri anasonyezera maganizo oukira. Izi njira zina anatsimikizira mfundo yakuti mu zaka wotsatira Peresvetova dzina kwambiri kuletsedwa kwa nthawi yaitali ndipo zinali mu chisokonezeko. Amenewa ndi ambiri onse amene sali owopa kunena zoona mu nkhope ya mphamvu kuti akhale.