Marginals. Tanthauzo la mawu. Ndani - "zamoyo mu dela la mzinda" kapena "chikhalidwe hybrid"?

Nthawi zambiri mukhoza kumva kuti anthu omasulidwa ku olakwika mwachizolowezi ndi dependencies ambiri, amatchedwa "mmphepete". Kutanthauza ambiri akhoza malembo, kuyambira pansi lingaliro ili mungawapange pokhala, ochokera kwina freelancers wanzeru, yoweyula watsopano oligarchs. Awa ndi anthu osiyana kwambiri, anthu osiyanasiyana. chimagwirizanitsa n'chiyani? Amene ali ndi oponderezedwa?

Man "m'madzi"

Chifukwa anthu ena awa, strata chikhalidwe ndi magulu ali "m'nyanja", chifukwa si woyenera mu dziko lalikulu ndithu ndi malamulo yamakolo ndi miyambo. Iwo likukhalira kuti mphonje ya akhoza zimachitika munthu aliyense amene mwa iye mwini kapena motsutsa izo amapewa kakonzedwe ochiritsira kapena kukana iwo, sakhala ngati wina aliyense, osati anazitsanulira mwa anthu. Apachiyambi, amalephera kulankhula, kufuna wapadera payekha ndipo nthawi yomweyo mtundu winawake wa umunthu kumbuyo m'mphepete mwa malire mwachizolowezi.

Taganizirani kodi mawu "mmphepete". Malinga ndi kumasulira otanthauzira Buku, munthu amene ali m'malire a osiyana siyana kachitidwe, zikhalidwe, magulu ndi kuona mmene malamulo zotsutsana, malamulo ndi mfundo. N'chimodzimodzi ndi lingaliro ili imatengedwa lumpen amafotokozera, womwenso oimira chikhalidwe "pansi".

Likukhalira, ngati ndinu mmodzi wa makhalidwe chibadidwe monga apachiyambi, amalephera kulankhula, kufuna wapadera kwa payekha, inu kale nokha pa nsonga ya mtundu wa malire bwino, muli kale mmphepete. Ndani - "Kukhala pa masamba" kapena "chikhalidwe hybrid"? Kodi kugawanitsa anthu "kunja" - pa mphonje ya milingo apamwamba m'munsi? Pankhaniyi, amanena woyamba wa anthu amene anasiya wamba ndi kukhala pa kofunikira kwambiri, pamene lachiwiri - amene adzitsitsa kapena M'malo mwake,
anapeza mayankho mogwira mtima onse a mafunso yaikulu ya moyo?

"Anthu amene amakhala pa masamba ndi"

Anthu amene sakhala ngati aliyense kunyalanyaza mfundo zachikhalidwe, koma asapitirire munda malamulo - marginals. Kutanthauza izo sizikutanthauza chirichonse mseru koma amatanthauza munthu amene ali ochepa. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mawu akuti anakhala ambiri m'zaka za m'ma XX. Izo ntchito sukulu Chicago za khalidwe la anthu kafukufuku Robert Park. Ilo linapangidwa mu umodzi wa essays wake wakuti "Human kusamuka ndi munthu mmphepete" ndi alendo North America, sanapezeke ntchito m'dziko latsopano sanaulandire malamulo atsopano ndi kupitiriza kutsatira miyambo yawo.

Onse mithunzi ya tanthauzo

The prehistory wa zikamera akuti tinganene kuti mfundo "amafotokozera wapakatikati" ntchito maphunziro a moyo wa magulu amene anasamukira mu gulu m'tawuni chikhalidwe. Iwo anafotokoza zomwe anthu, kumalire ekvilibriruyuschih zikhalidwe zosiyana kwathunthu ndi zotsatira za unsuitability awo mu dziko latsopano. osamuka yoyamba, ndipo christened dzina longa kuwapatula. kutanthauza kenako anapeza mithunzi latsopano. vagueness wake achilendo zathandizira chisokonezo kumvetsa tanthauzo la mawu. Choncho anthu anayamba kuitana kwa anthu mwachizolowezi, anthu ndi amaonekera wakumdwalitsa kapena kuvutika maganizo.

Kodi mawu akuti "mmphepete" akusowa Ozhegova m'madikishonale Brockhaus ndi Efron, ndi TSB? Mu ena amanena mungapeze lokhala ndi muzu etymology mawu "marginalia" - zizindikiro kapena maheda pa magazini kumunda, buku kapena mankhwala ena kusindikizidwa. Kenako, mu "Soviet Encyclopedia" amapezeka mawu "mmphepete" kutanthauza mungafike udindo wa munthu m'dziko makamaka.

Mu Russian adzadziwire ano, strata chikhalidwe ndi magulu amene ali "msewu" kupitirira yeniyeni m'madipatimenti anthu makamaka, miyambo, amatchedwa mmphepete. kutanthauza m'malo yosokoneza, koma posachedwapa ndithu yapamwamba.

"Non-zokhudza zonse"

Lingaliro la mawu akuti "mmphepete" chifukwa sanali kuweruza. Malowa ali pamtunda ili m'malire "zabwino" ndipo zina "zoipa." Ndipotu lero amaona ngati singathe a dongosolo lino, mawa mwina kulowa, ndipo sangathe kulowa, kukhala "kunja" a dongosolo chikhalidwe.

Zabwino ndi zoipa marginalism

Mawu "mmphepete" akhoza kusanthula m'njira ziwiri: zabwino ndi zoipa. Ndipotu, phindu kwake "sanali zokhudza zonse" munthu sikulepheretsa kwa onse anakakhala ndi Afilisiti. Iwo akhoza zonse izo.

Okanidwa nthawi zambiri ankaona ngati "tiyipukuse." Akuluakulu kumulakalaka chakale nyimbo munthu pakati amalonda kupanga mwa anzake chachilendo ndi wapadera, chifukwa iwo kawirikawiri pa m'ndandanda wa mfundo za luso mkulu. Mu gulu lake, iye alipo ochepa. Ndipo anthu awa amene amaona ngati alendo chilengedwe chawo, mbiri ya kwambiri. Izi A. D. Saharov, A. I. Solzhenitsyn, A. Einstein, Thomas Mann ndi zina zambiri umunthu wotchuka. Ambiri a malingaliro awo iwo sanamvetsetse ndi osavomerezeka ndi m'nthawi yake, koma anali wofunika kwambiri m'tsogolo. Mayina mndandanda n'zosathekadi, koma wapadera anthu amenewa nthawi zonse amalenga yabwino kwa zikamera cha milandu posakonzekera, choyambirira ndipo sizinalembedwe.

Ndipo pali owonjezera amene choopsa chitukuko cha kwambiri. Chifukwa cha luso lawo otsika aluntha, iwo sangakhoze azolowere zinthu ochiritsira, n'kosavuta kukana malamulo anakhazikitsa ndi kutsogolera moyo sakonda.

Kumvetsa chodabwitsa marginality kunadetsa kuyesera kutanthauziridwa mu chimango cha maganizo oipa. Ndipo inu mukhoza philosophize ndi kuyesa kupeza mzere wa pakati modabwitsa chiwonetsero cha umunthu layman ndi maganizo mwachizolowezi mawu "mmphepete" imene ili kovuta.