Strata Social. Oimira strata chikhalidwe

Mawu akuti "zigawo chikhalidwe" anaonekera kwa zaka za m'ma XX. mayunitsi ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana kugwirizanitsa anthu chili ndi zina za makhalidwe ndi maonekedwe.

magulu a anthu ndi strata

Mu sayansi, chikhalidwe zigawo ndi chida cha stratification chikhalidwe - gulu la anthu pa malo osiyana. Izi asayansi vuto taphunzira kuchokera kalelo. strata Social monga mfundo ndi anatuluka mu m'ma XX. Lisanaperekedwe, mayunitsi zina za utsogoleri wolowezana ankakonda - a Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira ndi kalasi.

M'zaka za m'ma XIX zinali chiphunzitso otchuka a makalasi chikhalidwe. chodabwitsa ichi poyamba ankafufuza Adam Smit ndi David Ricardo - zachuma zachikhalidwe. Maphunziro chiphunzitso kwathunthu kwambiri anayamba ndi anatsegula German wasayansi Karl Marks. Modern strata chikhalidwe anatengera zina za chiphunzitso chake.

Dichotomous gulu la anthu

Magulu chikhalidwe yodziwika ndi gulu la makhalidwe angapo liwulo. Chuma, mphamvu, maphunziro, zosangalatsa mowa. zizindikiro Izi ndi zizindikiro za lochitira ndi mtunda chikhalidwe pakati pa anthu osiyana a anthu.

Pali zitsanzo zingapo za gulu la anthu mu zigawo. Losavuta ndi lingaliro la dichotomy - ndi duality a anthu. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi, anthu amasiyana maganizo pa misa ndi osankhika. kulunjika amenewa anali makamaka khalidwe la chitukuko amakezana. Iwo kutchulidwa lochitira chikhalidwe anali ponseponse. Komanso, anthu amenewa pali Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira otchedwa "odzipereka" - ansembe, akulu kapena akulu. Modern chitukuko ku nyumba ngati chikhalidwe anakana.

maudindo osiyanasiyana

Malinga masiku stratification, chikhalidwe strata wa anthu amene ali ndi zizindikiro udindo, amene kugwirizanitsa anthu. Pakati pawo pali mphamvu ya kulumikizika ndi yoperekedwa kwa mudzi. Pankhaniyi, zizindikiro wosanjikiza okha amayesa "bwino - pamavuto" kapena "more - zochepa".

Mwachitsanzo, ngati tikulankhula za maphunziro, anthu anawagawa sukulu kapena yunivesite. Mayanjano amenewa amatha kulankhula za ndalama kapena ntchito chitukuko cha munthu. M'mawu ena, strata chikhalidwe ndi okhwima ofukula wolowezana. Mtundu uwu wa piramidi pamwamba pa amene ali "zabwino". Mwachitsanzo, yerekezerani mafani mpira ndi okonda nthano kusiyana awo sadzakhala umodzi, koma yopingasa. magulu oterowo tanthauzo la strata chikhalidwe si anaphimba.

Lingaliro odetsedwa

Magulu waukulu mchiphunzitso cha magulu a anthu ndi udindo. Kuti ndi kofunika kwambiri mu stratification oona za chikhalidwe. strata Current chikhalidwe amasiyana makalasi a m'zaka za m'ma XIX chifukwa chakuti munthu moyo si womangidwa kwa gulu lililonse. Kodi kuyang'ana mu ntchito? Mwachitsanzo, ngati mnyamata anabadwa mu banja amapeza ndalama zochepa, koma anali wophunzira wabwino ndi uyamiko kwa luso lakeli anatha kukwaniritsa mkulu udindo ntchito, iye wadutsa kuchokera ku wosanjikiza wina ndi mzake.

Momwe chakuti munthu yemwe ananena izo zofunika kuzikwaniritsa. Zikugwirizanirana membala wa luso anthu a kudya ndi kutulutsa katundu. Kuti anapatsidwa, motero kuti wosanjikiza chikhalidwe n'kofunika kulemekeza unali ponseponse wa moyo.

Moyo ndi Labor

Zizindikiro omwe sagwirizana chifukwa oimira magulu chikhalidwe, zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo. Mwachitsanzo, iwo ogwirizana ndi mmene chuma chikuyendera munthu. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo kuli chuma payekha, masaizi, ndi mitundu ya ndalama. Ambiri, zizindikiro izi zikhoza monga mlingo wa zinthu ziwayendere bwino anafotokoza. Malinga ndi muyezo izi, izo allocated zigawo osauka ndi olemera chapakatikati bwino. Mukhozanso tchulani chitsanzo cha antchito otsika-analipira ndi mkulu-analipira moyo mu nyumba chikhalidwe, eni chuma, ndi zina zotero D..

Lingaliro la kalasi chikhalidwe amakhudza chodabwitsa cha kugawikana kwa ntchito. Mu utsogoleri wolowezana ichi, tikulankhula za luso anthu ndi maphunziro. Labor ndi osiyana aliyense ntchito munthu, ndipo muli kusiyana izi zimaonekera wosanjikiza wina chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, mukhoza kusankha ogwira ntchito zaulimi, mafakitale gawo utumiki ndi zina zotero. D.

Mphamvu

N'kofunika mu maudindo osiyanasiyana a ulamuliro. Atsimikiza ndi kuthekera munthu kulimbikitsa ena. Chitsime cha luso angathe kuonedwa apamwamba kapena wodziwa yapadera chikhalidwe. Mu utsogoleri wolowezana, mukhoza kusankha udindo wapamwamba ogwira ntchito Ngopambana ogwira oyang'anira tauni mu bizinesi yaing'ono kapena Mwachitsanzo, atsogoleri boma.

Mu zizindikiro zosiyana gulu allocated umakhudza yonena kutchuka. Pankhaniyi, kusewera yofunika aziona ena. chiwerengerochi sangakhale cholinga, choncho zovuta kuyeza ndipo amasonyeza ena malire. Malinga Mbali imeneyi, mungamvetse atsogoleri osasankhidwa, odziwika kanjedza chikhalidwe, oimira osankhika boma, ndi zina zotero N..

zizindikiro yachiwiri

Ife tafotokozazi zizindikiro zazikulu, malinga ndi zomwe ankamanga stratification yamakono ya anthu. Komabe, popanda izi, palinso makhalidwe sekondale. Iwo sali kulingalira chinthu, komanso bwanji udindo wa munthu mu ufumu wolowezana wonse. Ndiko kuti, magulu alionse chikhalidwe alipo m'deralo Pamlingo wamkulu kapena wamng'ono, ine sindikudziwa mwachindunji zimadalira makhalidwe amenewa. khalidwe lawo wothandiza.

Ethnonational chizindikiro m'madera osiyana zimakhudza malo munthu amakhala osiyana. M'mayiko azikhalidwe, khalidwe limeneli zilibe kanthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mu masiku ano, pali zambiri m'mayiko pali ndiwofatsa dziko maganizo. M'madera ngati cha gulu ena mitundu mwina chinthu zoopsa kudziwa gulu la munthu kalasi makamaka chikhalidwe.

Other makhalidwe - kuti kugonana ndi zaka, chipembedzo ndiponso chikhalidwe cha makhalidwe a munthu. mmene akaphatikiza pa bwalo chikhalidwe cha munthu ndi zofuna zake. Komanso Dziwani ndi chizindikiro kugwirizana ndi malo okhala. Pankhaniyi zimagwiritsa funso kusiyana lalikulu pakati pa m'tauni ndipo m'mudzimo.

Anthu ndi udindo makamaka chikhalidwe

Kukhala m'gulu makamaka anthu chimadaliranso makhalidwe ena ndi makhazikitsidwe maganizo anthu. Zino, akatswiri apeza malo mmphepete mwa anthu. Pali anthu lova popanda malo okhazikika okhala, othawa kwawo. Mmadera, zikhoza wolemala ndipo pensioners amene amoyo zinthu zikuipiraipirabe kuposa ena alionse. Chotero phompho chikhalidwe akupezeka m'mayiko pali boma zachibwana. Ngati akuluakulu a boma sangathe kupereka zizindikiro zazikulu poyera ndi moyo wabwino ndi kuwapatula amenewa adzakhala pa nthawi.

udindo Specific kumeneko ndi anthu ndi khalidwe wolakwayo. Iwo ali nzika aimbidwa pa milandu awo. Zikuphatikizapo oimira dziko chigawenga, anthu amene ali m'ndende ndi maofesi ena ndende. Anthu amene amapezeka mu mmphepete milandu gulu, monga ulamuliro, sakhoza paokha kuti mukwere wapamwamba kapena ndi sanafune.