Kuti chitukuko limeneli la zinthu ndi mosiyanasiyana. zitsanzo za

mtundu uliwonse wa nkhani moyo sachedwa kusintha, ndipo angayambe onse pa mbali zabwino ndi zoipa. Ngati chachiwiri, ndondomeko oterowo amatchedwa mgwirizano kapena makhalidwe oipa, ndipo amakhala ndi kudzitsitsa mwapang'onopang'ono chinthu kapena chochitika. Chodabwitsa n'zosiyana, chidawoneka kusintha chilichonse kapena munthu aliyense, angatchedwe patsogolo kapena chitukuko. Njira pamwamba m'chilengedwe chonse, monga ulamuliro, amatchedwanso involution ndi kusanduka.

Nthawi zina zapadera, akhoza tanthauzo zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chitukuko, kuwongola tsoka - anthu, ndondomeko zimenezo mbali negative. M'nkhaniyi, timaphunzira kuti zimenezo ndipo kodi umagwira timakhala pakati pa zinyama zosiyanasiyana.

mwachidule

Monga tanena kale, chitukuko - ndi ndondomeko immanent kuti kumachitika chifukwa cha kusintha zina. Iwo akhoza yodziwika ndi kuwonjezeka mu kuchulukitsa kwa dongosolo, bwino anatengera kwa chilengedwe, patsogolo chikhalidwe, kukula zachuma ndi kusintha kapangidwe ake, komanso kuwonjezeka mu lonse chodabwitsa ndi. Pa mayesero onsewa, ndondomeko amachita ntchito konsekonse - kuti iyende latsopano. N'zovuta kunena kuti chitukuko monga lonse, chifukwa aliyense wa makhalidwe ake ali mbali zina zimene pamapeto, chifukwa zochokera, nthawi yozungulira, kachulukidwe ndi kusintha Mkhalidwe.

Njira ya chitukuko cha ku zamoyo

Natural wasayansi Jean Lamarck B ntchito mfundo za chitukuko kufotokoza chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko. Mu ndondomeko yake kukonza gulu la zamoyo watsala ndi kanthawi kochepa khalidwe. M'mawu ena, tikhoza kunena kuti, malinga ndi maganizo a sayansi French, chikhalidwe zinangokhalako kutembenuka yosavuta mu akalumikidzidwa zovuta zambiri. Kodi chitukuko komanso mmene zikugwirizanirana ndi chiyambi cha munthu, anafotokoza ntchito ya zachilengedwe kwambiri ndi wapaulendo Charles Darwin. Mfundo ndondomeko maziko a mfundo zake zamoyo wa zamoyo. A chitsanzo chapadera kuti akutsimikiza mfundo imeneyi, atha kutumikira ngati chiphunzitso chimene munthu anabwera chifukwa cha kukula ndi zauzimu anyani lalikulu.

Mkhalidwe ndi structural kusintha chuma

Poyamba tinapeza kuti chitukuko monga lonse, ndipo tsopano idzafotokoza zosiyanasiyana patsogolo mmene chuma. Izi akonzedwa zofunika kwambiri njira zosiyanasiyana zimene zimakhudza mlingo ndi khalidwe la moyo, patsogolo kwa sayansi, maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe, komanso zokolola za anthu. Kodi vuto la zachuma, kumatanthauza zambiri Schumpeter mu 1911. Anafalitsa buku lotchedwa "Chiphunzitsochi la Development Economic." Zinapatsidwa kusiyana chitukuko ndi kukula kwa chuma, ndipo wakhala kuzindikiridwa ndi wachinsinsi chikhalidwe cha luso zosiyanasiyana.

Divergence ndi mgwirizano

malamulo awa awiri ukudalira ndondomeko ya momwe chitukuko. Yesetsani kumvetsa mwatsatanetsatane. Divergence - katundu divergence ndi makhalidwe mu magulu akutiakuti a zamoyo pa kusanduka. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha chitukuko (kusanduka) unicellular flagellated mitundu zinachitika algae ndi bowa.

Mgwirizano - lingaliro sizitero. Kumafuna ndondomeko mgwirizano (kufanana) kwa zinthu zamoyo. Chitsanzo ndi nyama monga aardvark, ndi South America anteater. Poyamba, nyama a m'banja limodzi monga iwo anali ofanana kwambiri. Patapita nthawi, kafukufuku anasonyeza kuti kufanana zawo zachiphamaso chifukwa cha kusanduka convergent, ndi chifukwa cha zakudya yemweyo: chiswe ndi nyerere, choncho, deta ya zamoyo, ngakhale ali yemweyo kagawo kakang'ono zachilengedwe, simungathe a mmodzi ndi yemweyo banja.

patsogolo chikhalidwe

M'mabuku maphunziro O. Kant angapezeke "Njira ya Zabwino Philosophy" imene udachita iye kutchuka kwambiri. Mu ntchito imeneyi French nzeru zapamwamba limafotokoza Chilamulo cha magawo atatu a kukula m'nzeru ya anthu. Gawo lirilonse amakhala ndi nthawi yeniyeni imeneyi (woyamba - kuchokera akale 1300, wachiwiri - 1300-1800, ndi wachitatu - m'ma 19). Aliyense nthawi anthu wadutsa siteji zina za chitukuko: zaumulungu, ndi akamabadwa ndi sayansi motero.

Woyamba ndi wachiwiri nyengo ya O. Kant amakhulupirira nkhambakamwa ndi maganizo abodza, koma popeza mosamala gawo lotsiriza, ndi kale zotheka kuti muyankhe funso ili: "Kodi dongosolo la chitukuko (chikhalidwe) Kodi" Panthaŵi imeneyi, anthu anali reorganized, izo amafuna kusunga ndi kuganiza ndi kutulukira zinthu zatsopano ndi nzeru. Aliyense wa njira tafotokozazi, anthu a zachitika. Only chifukwa cha chochitika kudziko ndi chidziwitso, inu tsopano ndi mwayi wokhala ndi moyo m'dziko lotukuka. Kodi chitukuko anthu? anatengera pa moyo, kufuna kupeza M'maso latsopano, kuphunzira maluso atsopano kuti luso la moyo. Mu m'badwo uliwonse anthu kukhala mwauzimu ndiponso mwakuthupi, ndi kuyimitsidwa za ndondomeko kungayambitse kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu, njala ndi chitayiko.