Chemical katundu zidulo

Zidulo otchedwa zovuta mankhwala wapangidwa maatomu wa hydrogen ndi luso m'malo ndi maatomu zitsulo, ndi zotsalira acid.

Zidulo ndi electrolytes. Chemical katundu zidulo anafotokozedwa ndi zikuchokera awo.

M'kagulu asidi pa malo osiyanasiyana:

1. Malinga ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu wa hydrogen.

2. Ndikulumbira pamaso pa oxygen.

3. Malinga ndi digiri ya dissociation.

Malinga ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya (izi zidalira pa katundu mankhwala zidulo) iwo anawagawa anoxic (sulfide wa hydrogen, acid amathiridwa ndi zina zotero. D.) Ndipo mpweya munali (nitric, sulfurous, ndi silicic T. D.)

Malinga ndi chiwerengero cha maatomu wa hydrogen asidi ndi:

- monobasic, munali atomu imodzi wa hydrogen (hydrochloric acid, asidi nitric);

- dibasic munali ma atomu aŵiri a hydrogen (chidulo cha safuriki, sulphide wa hydrogen);

- tribasic munali atomu wa hydrogen atatu (phosphoric).

Monga mbali yachitatu asidi lagawidwa electrolytes ofooka (phosphoric, carbonic, etc. D.) Ndipo electrolytes amphamvu (hydrochloric, nitric, sulfuric).

Chemical katundu zidulo

Pamaso pa ayoni wa hydrogen mu njira asidi amasankha malo awo acidic ndi wowawasa kukoma. Komabe, simungathe kudzayesa iwo pa lilime ngati n'kotheka amayaka mankhwala.

Litmus methyl lalanje chizindikiro ndipo amasintha mtundu wake atamwa zidulo.

Acid njira anatani ndi oxides zofunika, chifukwa mu mapangidwe mchere ndi madzi.

zidulo anatani ndi zitsulo kumanzere kwa amafotokozera wa hydrogen ku zitsulo Mzere voteji. Chifukwa ndi zitsulo mchere ndi wa hydrogen.

zidulo anatani ndi zapansi. Zimene chipereka mchere ndi madzi. Anachita pakati pa acid ndi soda (m'munsi) amatchedwa anachita neutralization.

zidulo anatani ndi njira ya mchere, pamene chikhalidwe cha yatsoka ndi zinthu za zimachitika kuti mapeto a kuwombola ion, i.e. ndi precipitate kapena mpweya adzamasulidwa.

The katundu mankhwala organic zidulo ndi makhalidwe awo.

Katundu asidi phosphoric

Phosphoric acid ndi njira zake amadzimadzi ndi zidulo zambiri ofooka monga nitric ndi sulfuric. Asidiyu, imene dongosolo pali maatomu mpweya atatu. An dissociation electrolytic asidi phosphoric chikuchitika stepwise. Chitsanzo asidi - asidi phosphoric, mankhwala ake katundu anafotokozedwa zikuchokera.

Yankho asidi phosphoric, dihydrogen mankwala ayoni alipo mu waukulu. Ayoni amene anapanga mu gawo lachiwiri dissociation ndi zochepa kwambiri, ndi mankwala ayoni chifukwa cha siteji ionization lachitatu, pafupifupi kwina. Pa poyamba gawo asidi phosphoric - asidi sing'anga. Popeza pali mitundu itatu ya zatsalira acidic mu mogwirizana kwa asidi phosphoric ndi mchere soda anapanga motere: phosphates, phosphates hydrogen ndi dihydrogen phosphates.

asidi Orthophosphoric akhale wolemekezeka Chrixitu ndi chidulo anachitira ndi nitrate yasiliva amene anapanga precipitate chikasu. Other phosphorous zidulo zimavuta ndi nitrate siliva kupanga precipitate woyera. asidi Orthophosphoric pa Kutentha ndi ndipamene madzi cleaves asidi pyrophosphoric.

Chemical katundu wa acid amathiridwa

acid amathiridwa wamphamvu monobasic asidi ndi mmene katundu zidulo. Colorless pang'ono fuming njira madzi a mankhwala enaake a hydrogen mu madzi. Mchere wa acid amathiridwa amatchedwa "mankhwala enaake".

acid amathiridwa akhoza kukhala okonzekera mwa kuchita njira ya sodium kolorayidi ndi chidulo cha safuriki, ndi mankhwala enaake a hydrogen kusungunuka m'madzi. acid amathiridwa amachitira ndi patsinde pa, potero kupanga mchere ndi madzi. Mwa kuchita ndi neutralization soda anachita amapezeka. Mungaonere chizindikiro ichi. mtundu kusintha, kusonyeza njira ndale.

Zimene acid amathiridwa ndi nitrate siliva kumabweretsa mapangidwe salt insoluble - mankhwala enaake siliva amene precipitates.

acid amathiridwa amachitira ndi zitsulo yogwira. Ngati kuyika mu njira, nthaka, mapangidwe yogwira akuyamba ndi kutulutsidwa wa hydrogen.

acid amathiridwa ndi asidi lililonse amachitira ndi zapansi, zitsulo ndi mchere.