Zachuma American Paulo Samuelson: malingaliro zofunika, chiphunzitso zachuma ndi yonena

Paulo Samuelson, Mphoto Nobel umene linapereka mu 1970, sikuli chabe kuti umenewu ndi zachuma wa nthawi zonse. A mbali yaikulu pakati zimene anachita zimapanga umboni mfundo zofunika ndi mfundo za pafupifupi zigawo zonse za cuma: chiphunzitso cha kupanga malonda, kusanthula chuma, chiphunzitso likulu ndi kukula zachuma, mbiri ya ganizo zachuma, macroeconomics. Tikupereka inu timudziwe bwino akatswiri ena otchuka monga Paulo Samuelson. Malingaliro, mwachidule pofotokoza zinthu zomwe takwaniritsa waukulu Adzaperekedwa m'nkhani ino. zolemba zake akatswiri kuwerenga mobwerezabwereza mpaka tsopano.

Nkhani yoyamba Samuelson

chiphunzitso Economic wa Paulo Samuelson anati mu mabuku ndi nkhani. Nkhani yoyamba wasayansi analemba pa zaka 23, mu 1938. Iyo imatchedwa "Ndemanga pa chiphunzitso choyera cha khalidwe ogula." Pa chilengedwe cha nkhani Samuelson anaphunzira ku sukulu maphunziro. Iye anasonyeza kuti kufunika pamapindikira, wodziwika kusanthula chida, akhoza anachokera ku zokonda, amene anali "anapeza" zikomo mbali ya kugula chomwe ndi mwayi kusunga msika, pamene kutsatira zokhotakhota mphwayi kapena ku chiphunzitso mmphepete zofunikira .

nkhani yaikulu

Mu 1939, nkhani Samuelson "mogwirizana wa multiplier ndi accelerator," izo wasonyeza kuti ngati inu kuwonjezera pa ndalama mtima chiphunzitso (Keynesian) chitsanzo cha accelerator ndalama, kupeza momveka ophweka koma wathunthu chifukwa chuma panopa akukumana m'zinthu malonda. Mu 1948 anafalitsa nkhani "malonda ..., amene akupereka umboni kuti mfundo za mbali ya malonda free, akamaziwononga Kusiya kukhudza. Chuma m'njira yomweyo anapeza zaka zambiri zapitazo kuti kupanga mankhwala ena pogwiritsa ntchito njira msika ndi operewera, monga ubwino wanenedwapo mwa iwo, kupezeka kwa onse, ndipo palibe amene ali ndi chidwi kulipira iwo. Komatu Samuelson m'nkhani lotchedwa "Koyera chiphunzitso cha ndalama onse" anapereka okhwima sayansi tanthauzo la makhalidwe ndi katundu wa awa katundu anthu.

The nkhani yolembedwa ndi

Samuelson kumbuyo mu 1941 ku University Harvard, waluntha digirii nkhani yolembedwa. Komabe, ntchito sanali lofalitsidwa mpaka 1947. Njirayi imatchedwa "Madziko a Analysis Economic". Ichi ndi chinthu china patsogolo kumvetsetsa chuma kuti akhoza m'ndendemo kufufuza khalidwe ndalama. Pakuti ichi m'pofunika kufikako kuganizira yake vuto maximization, amene anathana ndi njira yofunika ndi masiyanidwe kakyulasi. Samuelson anakonza otchedwa makalata mfundo. Malinga ndi iye, kusanthula zowerengera wa equilibria sangapereke zotsatira zabwino, ngati palibe umboni mlingo chogwirizana ndi wokhazikika. Last zikutanthauza inessential zopatuka mgwirizano mfundo za zosintha zosiyanasiyana ndi kudzikonda Kukonza. ameneŵa wayamba chidwi panopa asayansi mphamvu za chuma, komanso kuphunzira mitengo, amene anaona zinthu osakhala mgwirizano.

Main mabuku Samuelson

Zonsezi pamwambapa ndi chidwi kwambiri, koma izo siziri zonse kukwaniritsa wasayansi American. Mu 1948 buku "Economics" chinaikidwa (Paulo Samuelson, William Nordhaus) kwa Komanso malonje. Iwo anali anagonjera kuyambitsa Samuelson "45 digiri Keynesian Cross", umene amapereka tanthauzo la ndalama anthu. Kutulukira Izi zatenganso mbali yofunika kufalitsa a m'madera monga Keynesianism, zaka pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Mu 1958, Samuelson walenga buku lotchedwa "liniya mapulogalamu ndi ntchito chuma." Iwo anali Co-olembedwa ndi Robert Solow ndi Robert Dorfman. Bukuli unachita zofunika kwambiri kufalitsa a njira kukhathamiritsa masamu, anayamba panthawi ya nkhondo. Kukula kwa kukhathamiritsa masamu zinachitika molumikizana ndi zachuma Keynesian. Bukuli sanali buku kuyambira olemba ake anakwanitsa kuphatikiza chiphunzitso chimodzi lonse kukula zachuma, mapulogalamu liniya ndi chiphunzitso cha mitengo, mwachitsanzo nkhani ananena kwa iwo kwayekha.

Paulo Samuelson: yonena

Wasayansi tsogolo anabadwa mu Indiana (Gary City) mu 1915. Pa zaka sikisitini analowa University of Chicago. Samuelson analandira digiri mbuye ku University Harvard, pamene iye anali asanakhale makumi awiri. Ndipo pa 26, anali kale ndi dokotala wa nzeru. Nkhani yolembedwa Samuelson anapambana David A. Wells, malinga ndi University Harvard. Kenako anayamba ntchito lecturer pa Institute of Technology Massachusetts. Patapita zaka 6, Samuelson wakhala pulofesa zonse. Mu anayambitsa izi, iye anayesetsa moyo wake wonse, mpaka pantchito yake unachitika mu 1986.

Atalandira Nobel Prize Samuelson mabuku ake ambiri anapitiliza kuonekela kulisindikiza. Anakhudza nkhani zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo dongosolo mulingo woyenera kwambiri zotchinjiriza moyo chiphunzitso ntchito ya ntchito monga zomwe tanena mu ntchito ya Marxists. Kuyambira cha m'ma 1970 ndipo kenako Nkhani Samuelson wonena za "equalization wa mitengo chinthu," odzipereka kwa malonda, amasonyeza kuti ufulu wochita malonda pakati pa maiko osiyanasiyana ayenera kuchepetsa kusiyana ndalama kuchokera likulu ndi ntchito m'mayiko amenewo.

Pankhani ya moyo, Samuelson ali ndi ana 4 ndi 2 aakazi kwa mkazi wake woyamba. Anakwatira kachiwiri mu 1981. Ngakhale zaka zake, wasayansi pambuyo ukwati wake kuphunzitsa pa Harvard, komanso kuweluza ndi Reserve Federal ndi boma US.

Samuelson anafa December 13, 2009 atadwala mwachidule. Choncho, anakhala zaka 94. imfa yake poyera atolankhani utumiki wa Institute of Technology.

Mphatso ndi mphoto

Paulo Samuelson ndi wolandira wa mphoto zambiri, komanso mwiniwake wa nambala mayina aulemu. Mu 1947 iye anali kupereka Yohane. B. Clark, omwe anali woyamba zino. mphoto Izi amaitcha kuti asayansi wamng'ono (zaka 40) chifukwa zimene anachita mu munda wa zachuma. Mu 1953, Samuelson anakhala pulezidenti wa Econometric Society, kenako m'chaka cha 1961, ndi American Association Economic. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1965 chaka po1968 Paulo Samuelson komanso walunjika la International Association Economic. Wasayansi anali Albert Einstein Zikho mu 1970. Kenako anapambana Nobel Prize. Samuelson anali chowathandiza kuti chuma.

ntchito State

Samuelson anali mlangizi mabungwe a boma, pakati pawo -. Chuma, Ofesi makampani nkhondo, ndi Reserve Federal, Bureau of bajeti, etc. Komanso, iye anali mlangizi wa pulezidenti US John F. Kennedy. Pol Entoni Samuelson analemba lipoti la chisawawa gulu, amene analembera pulezidenti. Kwa zaka zambiri izi katswiri ngati M. Friedman, anali gawo lochititsa zonse kwa magaziniyo Newsweek. Mu 5 mabuku wandiweyani anasonkhana nkhani yake anasankha. Ntchito ankatchedwa "Assembly of ntchito sayansi" ndipo linasindikizidwa mu 1966.

Zolembalemba kalembedwe Samuelson

Onani kuti kalembedwe wasayansi ndi yodziwika poluma Izitu n'zovutitsa ndi kunyoza kwa zivundi chabe. Pa nthawi yomweyo ali ndi chibadwa chofuna kuchita ndi mawu enieni maganizo ofanana ndi aphunzitsi onse anabadwa. Monga mmodzi wa chuma ambiri wakhama wa nthawi zonse (pasanathe zaka 45, wasayansi analenga pafupifupi kwa nkhani imodzi mwezi uliwonse), anakhala mmodzi wa olemba bwino kwambiri poyerekezera ndi buku la ntchito zawo. Buku, amene analenga Paul Anthony Samuelson ( "Economy") Mwachitsanzo, anapulumuka mabuku oposa awiri khumi. Anam'samutsira zinenero zosachepera 12. Ntchito imeneyi atagulitsidwa mu maiko osiyanasiyana mu kuchuluka makope oposa 4 miliyoni.

Chochitika chapadera kuposa kale a zachuma! Ngakhale mu dziko lathu kuti amasulidwe, ndithudi, Kusintha wosaloleka ndi mabala maganizo.

N'chifukwa chiyani "chuma" wakhala wotchuka?

The chuma avutika kwa zaka zambiri chifukwa cha kusowa kwa kulumikizana pakati pa macroeconomics watsopano (Keynesian) ndi microeconomics akale (neoclassical). Komabe, Samuelson buku walenga amati "kaphatikizidwe neoclassical." Mavuto ndi ntchito, malinga ndi iye, amafuna alowererepo mchiphunzitso neoclassical wa Keynesianism. Koma choyamba, mungapereke kumbuyo impso mphamvu pambuyo pa ntchito zonse kukufika.

malamulo kuti tithe kumvetsa bwino mofulumira bukhu, amene analengedwa ndi Paulo Samuelson ( "Economy"). Chimodzi mwa zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri za izo (by njira, chitsanzo chachikulu cha yosindikiza mabuku, komanso buku loyamba pa chiphunzitso zachuma, pogwiritsa ntchito chintchito achikuda) ndi muyeso umodzi umene Mabaibulo bwino anatha kuonetsa chidwi zachuma a anthu, zinthu zikusinthira ndi nthawi. Ine analibe nthawi potanthauza mapeto a magazini atsopano apakhungu, monga yomweyo zikupezeka mu kope yotsatira "Economics."

Chinsinsi cha chikoka chachikulu Samuelson

Paulo Samuelson, wotchuka "aufulu" maganizo (m'lingaliro American mawu), yesetsani golide zikutanthauza nkhani zofunika, monga bureaucracy kapena msika, kaya pagulu kapena mwachinsinsi, monetarism ndi Keynesianism. Iye konse mu ntchito yake ku malo kwambiri maganizo. Choncho, Paulo Samuelson ndi chitsanzo chabwino, ndalama wasayansi amene Pamilunguyo pakati mfundo mosavuta. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu chikoka munthu wa zachuma ndi.

Adani ndi admirers

Mu Samuelson sanali kwambiri adani. Ndipo amene amatchedwa ake equilibrists zachuma ndi ozindikira Paganini. Koma mafani ambiri a sayansi iyi talingalirani Iye amene anayambitsa mbali yaikulu ya sayansi zachuma mu nthawi yathu. Iwo musazengereze kuitana "Samuelson nyengo" positi-nkhondo nthawi mu chitukuko cha sayansi.