Kuphulika. Gulu lalikulu

Mapiri otchedwa phiri, alibe pa TV ndipo ming'alu mu matanthwe a pansi padziko, amene anasonyeza padziko zozama chiphalaphala zipinda kuphulika mankhwala. Ali ndi mawonekedwe a chulucho atavala Chigwa pamwamba. Pakamwa chamoto - njira zimene zikugwirizana pakati pansi.

Zamgululi, amene afika pa dziko lapansili, zimasiyana-siyana ukulu ndi zikuchokera. Komanso, kuphulika zingatenge malo mwamphamvu osiyana ndi nthawi. Polingalira makhalidwe amenewa anapangidwa mitundu yofala ntchito gulu. Tikumbukenso kuti kuphulika wina angalande wina kapena munthu wina.

Plinian mtundu dzina la Pliny Wamkulu. Katswiri wa Roma anafa pa kuphulika kwa phiri Vesuvius mu 79 AD. e. Plinian mtundu ndi mwamphamvu makamaka. Kuphulika pa nthawi yomweyo limodzi ndi kutuluka kwa wambirimbiri phulusa ndi kutalika kwa makilomita pafupifupi makumi awiri kuti makumi asanu, ndipo ukhoza kwa maola angapo ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale masiku. mankhwala umuna amafalitsidwa pa malo aakulu, ndipo buku chawo n'chochokera kwa 0.1 kuti makilomita kiyubiki 50 kwambiri. Zotupa za mtundu Plinian kungachititse kugwa kwa phiri ndi mapangidwe caldera lapansi. Nthawi zina, mitambo kukatentha anapanga, koma utuluke chiphalaphala zimachitika nthawi zonse. Mu mtundu uwu chamoto linaphulika St Heles (US) mu 1980.

mtundu Peleysky amakhala ndi kukhalapo chiphalaphala viscous. Unalimbitsa kudzipereka, potero kupanga chimodzi kapena zingapo domes extrusive. Choncho linaphulika kuphulika Pelée (pa chilumba cha Martinique) mu 1902.

Vulcan mtundu wina wa zochitika zachidule. M'menemo kuphulika zingatenge mphindi zingapo kapena mawola. Komabe, iwo zimasinthidwa kwa miyezi ingapo masiku angapo kapena masabata. kuphulika The yodziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mtundu uwu wa chiphalaphala madzimadzi kupanga utuluke chiphalaphala. Nyumba anapanga ku nkhani pyroclastic ndi chiphalaphala. Voliyumu ya stratovolcanoes ndi khumi zana limodzi makilomita kiyubiki. Extrusive mzikiti ndi phulusa mpweya anati nthawi zonse. Malinga ndi mtundu Vulcan izo Inayamba mu Guatemala Fuego kuphulika.

mtundu Strombolian amatchedwa ulemu kwa chilumba Mediterranean wa Stromboli. Mtundu wa kuphulika amakhala ndi ntchito yothandizira eruptive kwa miyezi ingapo (nthawizina zaka). Pankhaniyi, ndime eruptive kawirikawiri limatuluka pamwamba makilomita khumi. Ena kuphulika kupanga cones cinder. Iwo zigwirizana basalt (ambiri) andesite kapena (kawirikawiri) ndi slag. cones ndi zambiri aumbike mwa kuphulika limodzi, pamene iwo otchedwa mapiri monogenic.

Mpweya mtundu Hawaii yodziwika zokolola chiphalaphala chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula. Akasupe a zolakwa ndi fractures akhoza kufika limodzi, zina mamita zikwi ziwiri mu msinkhu. Pamene pali potulukira chimodzi chokha, chiphalaphala diverges radially. Choncho anapanga chishango okwera ndi otsetsereka wofatsa kwambiri (mpaka madigiri khumi). okwera amenewa anapanga zigawo ndi mulibe phulusa. Chishango ndi phiri lalikulu kwambiri mu dziko Manua Loa (Hawaii). kutalika kwake - 4103 m. kukwezedwa uyu ali kutalika zana ndi makumi awiri, ndi kupingasa anali makilomita makumi asanu. Mitsinje chiphalaphala kufalitsa pachilumba dera makilomita lalikulu oposa mamiliyoni asanu. Wa makilomita kiyubiki makumi awiri mphambu mazana asanu a buku kuposa makumi asanu ndi atatu peresenti ndi pansi pa nyanja.

Pali mitundu ina ya kuphulika. Komabe, iwo zimachitika kawirikawiri. Mwachitsanzo, sitima zapamadzi kuphulika mu 1965 ku Iceland kuphulika Surtsey Island unakhazikitsidwa.