Atsamunda ufumu: chilengedwe ndi chipangizo

Oyambirira maufumu atsamunda anatuluka mu m'ma XVI, pamene Europe analowa nyengo atulukira kwambiri m'mayiko ambiri. Poyamba, onse kuwonjezeka m'mayiko ndigwira osadziwika anayamba Spanish ndi Chipwitikizi. n'kwawo anamanga chakale atsamunda ufumu.

Spain

Mu 1492, Hristofor Kolumb anapeza zilumba zingapo mu Nyanja Caribbean. Pasanapite nthawi zinadziwika kuti anthu a ku Ulaya kumadzulo si kuyembekezera nyenyeswa angapo a dziko, koma lonse osadziwika dziko. Choncho anayamba chilengedwe cha maufumu a chitsamunda.

Columbus anali kuyesera kutsegula si America, ndi India, amene anapita kukazonda kunja njira chingakhale kusintha zonunkhira malonda, ndi katundu wapadera ena kum'mawa. Kuyenda panyanja ntchito kwa Mfumu ya Aragon ndi mfumukazi ya Castile. Ukwati wa mafumu awa awiri analola kogwirizanitsa maiko oyandikana ku Spain. Mu chaka chomwecho kuti Columbus anatulukira America, ufumu watsopano watenganso kuchokela kuchigawo Muslim kum'mwera kwa Granada. Choncho anathetsa Reconquista - kalekale ndondomeko ya chiyeretso ya Iberia ku mphamvu ya Asilamu.

malo awa zinali zokwanira maonekedwe a Spanish atsamunda ufumu. Choyamba midzi European anaonekera pa zilumba za Caribbean: Hispaniola (Haiti), Puerto Rico ndi Cuba. The Spanish atsamunda ufumu maziko njuchi woyamba pa kumtunda American. Iwo anakhala mu 1510 ku Panama linga ndi dzina zovuta za Santa María La Antigua del Darién. Fort anaika wofufuza Vasco Nunez de A Balboa. Choyamba azungu anawoloka kamtunda kopita ku chilumba cha Panama ndipo anali pa Pacific gombe.

chipangizo mkati

The chipangizo maufumu atsamunda ndi bwino kuganizira chitsanzo cha Spain, popeza dziko woyamba adadza kwa madongosolo, amene ndiye mu misa kufalikira ku maufumu ena. Zonsezi zinayamba ndi lamulo la 1520, chimene onse, popanda yekha, dziko lotseguka anazindikira monga cholowa cha Korona.

Social ndi malamulo chipangizo inamangidwa monga mwachizolowezi azungu ang'onoang'ono wolowezana. Center atsamunda ufumu anapereka Spanish atsamunda m'dziko limenelo anali kutenga chuma cha banja. The amwenye anakhala amadalira anansi latsopano. Pa nthawi yomweyo Dziwani kuti mbadwa sanali yokhala chimatengedwa ngati akapolo. Iyi ndi fundo yofunika, amene amathandiza kumvetsa kusiyana pakati pa Spanish atsamunda ufumu wa Portugal.

Midzi American ndiwe wa Lisbon, kapolo nduna. Icho chinali Chipwitikizi analenga chonyamulira cha ntchito wotchipa ku Africa kwa America South. Pankhani ya Spain, zochokera kudalira ya Indian peonage - ngongole.

Features Viceroyalty

Mwini ufumu mu America anagawidwa Viceroyalty. The yoyambirira ija awo mu 1534 anakhala Chatsopano Spain. Amaphatikiza West Indies, Mexico ndi ku Central America. Mu 1544 Peru unakhazikitsidwa, womwenso osati Peru, komanso chi Chile. M'zaka za m'ma XVIII panali Chatsopano Granada (Ecuador, Venezuela ndi Colombia) ndi La Plata (Uruguay, Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay). Ngakhale Chipwitikizi atsamunda ufumu ankalamulira America okha Brazil ndi chuma Spanish ku America anali ndi dongosolo la udzakwaniritsidwa zikuluzikulu.

ulamuliro wapamwamba pa ankawalamulira wogwidwa mfumu. Mu 1503, izo unakhazikitsidwa ndi Komiti ya Zamalonda, amene atsogozedwa ndi matupi milandu, boma Kutsata kumunda. Posakhalitsa anasintha dzina lake ndi kukhala wamkulu Royal Council kwa Indies. thupi ili analipo mpaka 1834. Bungwe anatsogolera mpingo, ankayang'anira zofunika atsamunda Kusankhidwa kwa akuluakulu ndi Ngopambana, kuti malamulo.

Abwanamkubwa a mfumu anali viceroys. Malo ino kwa nthawi ya zaka 4 mpaka 6. Komanso, panali nsanamira ya General akazembe. Iwo anauza m'mayiko ndi m'madera osiyana ndi udindo. Aliyense viceroyalty unagawidwa zigawo, amene anali kuyang'anira akazembe. Onse maufumu atsamunda a dziko zinalengedwa chifukwa cha phindu. N'chifukwa chake kuganizira za abwanamkubwa anali yake ndi wathunthu revenues ndalama mosungiramo.

Osiyana kagawo kakang'ono wotanganidwa ndi mpingo. Iye anaimba kuti si achipembedzo kokha, komanso ntchito milandu. M'zaka za m'ma XVI khoti ya kusaka Woyera. Nthawi zina zake zinachititsa kuti mantha kotsutsana ndi anthu kumeneko. Maufumu kwambiri atsamunda anali mzati ena ofunika - m'tawuni. M'midzi izi zinachitikira Spanish, panali mtundu wa dongosolo wodzilamulira. Am'deralo anapanga cabildo - malangizo. Iwo analinso ndi ufulu wosankha Akuluakulu ena. Mu America, panali pafupifupi 250 mabungwe amenewa.

Wosanjikiza achangu a anthu atsamunda anali landlords ndi industrialists. Pakuti ndithu nthawi yaitali, iwo anali mu mkhalidwe wotsika poyerekeza ndi mkulu wobadwa Spanish apamwamba. Koma zikomo magulu awa wa njuchi anakula, ndi chuma chawo ndi opindulitsa. Nkofunika kudziwa chodabwitsa china. Ngakhale Spanish anali ubiquitous m'zaka XVIII, anayamba ndondomeko azingokhala anthu mu mayiko osiyana kuti m'nthawi yotsatira anamanga boma zawo South ndi America Central.

Portugal

Portugal anatuluka monga ufumu waung'ono, ndi mbali atazunguliridwa ndi katundu Spanish. Chotero malo Hrs kumana ndi dziko laling'ono n'zotheka kuti mukulitse mu Europe. M'malo wa World Old ndi boma atakulungidwa diso lina.

Kumapeto kwa Ages Middle Chipwitikizi oyendetsa anali m'gulu la yabwino ku Ulaya. Ngati Spanish, iwo anayesa kuti akafike India. Koma ngati onse Columbus yomweyo ananyamuka kupeza basi dziko aziti iyeyu n'ngwabwino mu poopsa kumadzulo malangizo, Apwitikizi anaponya magulu awo onse kuti zombozi Africa. Bartolomeu días anapeza Cape of Good Hope - kum'mwera mfundo ya Black M'dziko. Ndipo maulendowa Vasco da Popanga madzi a gamma 1497-1499 gg. anafika India.

Mu 1500, Chipwitikizi kuyenda panyanja Pedro Cabral kusochera kum'mawa ndi mwangozi anapeza Brazil. Mu Lisbon, pomwepo analengeza zothetsera wake alendo pamaso lapansi. Posakhalitsa mu America South anayamba kuoneka woyamba Chipwitikizi Pamudzi, ndipo kenako Brazil anakhala yekha Chipwitikizi mayiko a ku America.

kutsegula Oriental

Ngakhale patsogolo kumadzulo kwa cholinga chachikulu cha amalinyero anakhalabe kum'mawa. Apwitikizi atsamunda ufumu lakwaniritsa mderali patsogolo kwambiri. Akatswiri ake anapeza Madagascar ndi kugunda Arabia Sea. Mu 1506 anagwidwa ndi chilumba cha Socotra. Pa nthawi yomweyo Chipwitikizi yoyamba kukaona Ceylon. Panali wachiwiri ufumu wa India. Pansi kasamalidwe wake anali madera onse kummawa kwa dziko. Mutu woyamba wa Viceroy anali asilikali Francisco de Almeida.

The chipangizo ya Chipwitikizi ndi Spanish atsamunda ufumu zina zofanana utsogoleri. Onse anali wachiwiri ufumu, ndi onse anaonekera pa nthawi imene dziko lalikulu anali akugaŵikanabe pakati pa azungu. chitsutso Local kum'mawa ndi kumadzulo mosavuta kuletsedwa. m'manja a anthu a ku Ulaya ankaimba ukulu wawo luso pa mitundu ina.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVI Apwitikizi anatenga madoko kwambiri ndi zigawo kum'mawa: Calicut, Goa, Malacca. Mu 1517, ku kugwirizananso malonda ndi kutali China. About China misika ndinalota lililonse ufumu atsamunda. History (kalasi 7) mu sukulu mwatsatanetsatane za mutu wa Great akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale Geographical ndi kukula European padziko lonse. Zimenezi n'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa popanda kumvetsetsa njira izi ndi zovuta kumvetsa mmene dziko lonse masiku ano. Mwachitsanzo, lero, Brazil sichikanatha kotero, monga tidziwa, ngati osati chinenero Chipwitikizi ndi chikhalidwe. Komanso Lisbon oyendetsa woyamba pakati azungu anatsegula njira ya Japan. Mu 1570s iwo anayamba kulamulira kwa Angola. Pachimake Portugal anali m'malinga ambiri ku South America, Africa, India ndi Asia Southeast.

Business Ufumu

Kodi analenga ufumu uliwonse atsamunda? Azungu anakhazikitsa kulamulira dziko mbali zina za dziko lapansi masuku pamutu wa anthu ogwira ndi masoka. Makamaka chidwi zinthu zawo wapadera kapena osowa: zonunkhira, zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, zamoyo osowa mitengo ndi zapamwamba ena. Mwachitsanzo, ku America misa katundu wa khofi, shuga, fodya, koko ndi enaake.

mbali yake anali ndi malonda gawo Asia. Pano, mphamvu kutsogolera Inde chifukwa anakhala UK. The British anakhazikitsa zotsatirazi dongosolo yogawa: kugulitsa ku India nsalu, yemweyo kugula osokoneza bongo amene zimagulitsidwa ku China. ntchito onsewa anapereka wautali kwambiri chifukwa ndalama zake nthawi. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuchokera ku Asia ku Europe zimagulitsidwa tiyi. Aliyense likulu la ufumu atsamunda anafuna kukhazikitsa okhawo pa dziko msika. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, panali nkhondo zonse. Dziko zina zambiri timatengeka ndi zombo zambiri ndinawapanikiza nyanja, nthawi zambiri mikangano ngati kunabuka.

M'midzi anali "mafakitale" kwa kupanga ntchito wotchipa. Monga ntchito anthu wamba (makamaka a ku Africa). Ukapolo inali ya ndalama yapamwamba, ndipo translanticheskaya kapolo maziko a zachuma a maufumu a chitsamunda. Zikwi kwa anthu a Congo ndi kumadzulo kwa Africa mokakamiza kuwapititsa ku Brazil, kum'mwera kwa US zamakono Caribbean.

Patsogolo chitukuko European

Aliyense ufumu atsamunda chifukwa cha zinthu Geo-njira ya maiko a ku Ulaya. Maziko a dongosolo malangizo amphamvu mu madera osiyana a dziko. Malo ambiri mwa nyanja anaonekera pa Ufumu, choncho anayamba mafoni asilikali. Engine la European kufutukuka padziko lonse anali mwagwirizana mpikisano. maiko kumenyana wina ndi mzake kulamulira mwa njira zamalonda kayendedwe kusamuka anthu a fleets ndi makamu.

Lililonse ufumu atsamunda anachita tiganizira za kutchuka. chilolezo aliyense kwa mdani kumbali ina ya dziko chinaoneka chizindikiro cha kuchepa kufunika geopolitical. Masiku ano, mphamvu monarchical anali akadali chokhudzana ndi malingaliro achipembedzo a anthu. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu onse a yemweyo Spanish ndi Chipwitikizi maufumu atsamunda anaona kuwonjezeka awo monga momwe Mulungu zokondweretsa ndi ukugwira kwa messianism Mkhristu.

Zinali ambiri zinenero civilizational pasadakhale. Kufalitsa chikhalidwe chawo, aliyense ufumu kulimbitsa umayenda ake ndi yonena m'bwalo lonse. Mbali kofunika kwambiri kunali yogwira ntchito ya amishonale. Spanish ndi Chipwitikizi kufala Chikatolika mu America. Chipembedzo anakhalabe ndi chida chofunika ndale. Kupanga ambiri chikhalidwe, ankalamulira kungapondereze ufulu wa mbadwa wamba, mosatsata m'chinenero chawo ndi chikhulupiriro. Mwambo umenewu kenako anabadwa zochitika monga tsankho, atsankho ndi kupululutsa.

United Kingdom

Mbiriyakale, izo Spain ndi Portugal, woyamba atsamunda ufumu (7 kalasi pa sukulu mwatsatanetsatane bwino iwo), sakanakhoza kusunga kanjedza kulimbana ndi mphamvu zina European. Poyamba, ena za limanena apanyanja, anati England. Ngati Spain mwachangu njuchi South ndi ku Central America, ku British analamulira North. Mkangano pakati pa maiko awiri kunabuka chifukwa china. Spain ali kale kale wotetezera waukulu wa Chikatolika, pamene mu XVI atumwi ku England kunali kukonzanso, ndipo anaonekera palokha wa Mpingo wa Roma.

Pa nthawi yomweyo pakati pa maiko awiri anayamba panyanja nkhondo. Mphamvu Samakonza ndi manja awo ndi thandizo la achifwamba ndipo privateers. English achifwamba Masiku ngati chizindikiro cha nyengo yake. Anatayira ndakweza US golide Spanish galleons, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale analanda njuchi. Open nkhondo anagwedeza World Old mu 1588, pamene English zombo anawononga sitima. Spain walowa nthawi ndi mavuto yaitali. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, kenako njira kwa English, ndipo kenako Ufumu wa Britain utsogoleri 'm mu mtundu atsamunda.

Netherlands

Mu zoyambirira za m'ma XVII, panali china chachikulu atsamunda ufumu, anamanga ndi Netherlands. Amaphatikiza m'dera la Indonesia, Guyana, India. Dutch anali posts patsogolo Formosa (Taiwan) ndi Ceylon. Mdani yaikulu ya Netherlands anali United Kingdom. Mu 1770, ntchentche. Dutch ceded ndi madera British ku North America. Mmodzi wa iwo anali ndi mzinda tsogolo la New York. Mu 1802, monga anatsimikizira anasamutsa Ceylon ndi Cape Colony ku South Africa.

Pang'onopang'ono, chuma yaikulu ya Netherlands ndi mbali zina za dziko anayamba Indonesia. Pa m'gawo lake anachita Dutch East India Company. Iye wagulitsa katundu zofunika kalelo: siliva, tiyi, mkuwa, thonje, zovala, ziwiya zadothi, silika, kumwa ndi zonunkhira. Mu heyday a ufumuwo atsamunda a Netherlands okhawo pa misika ya Pacific ndi Indian Ocean. Kwa Malonda ofanana ndi America Dutch West India Company anakhazikitsidwa. mabungwe onse anali anathetsa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII. Pankhani lonse la ufumu wa atsamunda a Netherlands, ndi chinthu chakale cha m'ma XX, pamodzi ndi ufumu wa mpikisano European.

France

Chiyambi cha French atsamunda ufumu anauika 1535, pamene Zhak Karte akatswiri osiyanasiyana St. Lawrence Mtsinje wamakono Canada. M'zaka za m'ma XVI ndi Bourbon mafumu anali masiku ambiri komanso zothandiza pa zachuma nthawi mu Europe. Pa chitukuko cha izo ndi patsogolo Portugal ndi Spain. The French anayamba yolowera m'mayiko ena zaka 70 ku Britain. Paris chikanathandiza udindo wa mzindawo yaikulu mu dziko.

Koma France sanathe kupindula mokwanira umatha. Iye kupewedwa Kusakhazikika mkati, osauka malonda zomangamanga, komanso zolakwa mfundo resettlement. Chifukwa, mu XVIII atumwi mu malo oyamba zinali Britain ndi France anali mu maudindo sekondale mu mtundu atsamunda. Komabe, iye anapitiriza a m'madera lalikulu padziko lonse.

Pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri 'Nkhondo 1763, France anataya Canada. Mu North America, dziko wakhala Louisiana. Iwo anagulitsidwa mu 1803 ndi United States. M'zaka za m'ma XIX France limakonda pa Mdima M'dziko. Iye analanda yaikulu m'dera la Africa West, komanso Algeria, Morocco ndi Tunisia. France kenako mizu kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia. mayiko onsewa ufulu wodzilamulira awo m'zaka za m'ma XX.